HANDBOOK OF DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY
1 Double Refraction 1 Reference 4 2 Electromagnetism 5 Faraday’s Intuitive Field 7 Maxwell’s Equations 9 The Derivation of ??? E = ? ? 12 The Derivation of ??? B = 0 14 The Derivation of ?× =? ? ? E B t 15 The Derivation of ?× = ? ? B + E t ?? ?J 19 Vector Analysis 22 Light Is an Electromagnetic Wave 25 The Light Wave 30 References 34 3 Light in Matter 35 The Electric Dipole Moment 38 The Lorentz–Lorenz Equation 41 References 47 4 The Polarization of an Electromagnetic Wave 49 Unpolarized Light 49 Elliptical, Linear, and Circular Polarization 50 Elliptic Polarization 55 Linear Polarization 56 Circular Polarization 57 Birefringence 61 Ordinary and Extraordinary Waves 64 Quantum Mechanical Polarization 66 References 73 5 Liquid Crystals 75 Carrots 76 Liquid Crystal Genealogy 78 The Chiral Nematic 82 The Ferroelectric Chiral Smectic-C 86 The Blue Flash 88 Lyotropic Liquid Crystals 90 The Director and the Order Parameter 91 Stiff But Flexible 97 Liquid Crystal Character 99 Viscosity 100 Elasticity 101 The Induced Dipole Moment 103 References 108 6 Thermodynamics for Liquid Crystals 111 The Three Laws of Thermodynamics 113 Phase Transitions 114 Entropy 115 The Boltzmann Distribution 119 The Minimization of Free Energy 122 References 123 7 The Calculus of Variations 125 The Brachistochrone Problem 126 Catenary and Suspension 131 The Euler–Lagrange Equation 132 Deeper Meanings of the Euler–Lagrange Equation 136 References 138 8 The Mean Field 139 Ideal Gas in Crystal Lattice 139 Long Rod Models 140 The Composite Electric Field and Average Index of Refraction 141 The Dipole Mean Field Is Born 144 References 145 9 Maier–Saupe Theory 147 The Nematic to Isotropic Phase Transition Calculation 148 Dielectric Anisotropy Calculation 152 Near Neighbor Correlation 156 References 159 10 Phenomenological Theory 161 The Nematic to Isotropic Phase Transition Calculation 162 Birefringence Calculation 165 References 169 11 Static Continuum Theory 171 Basic Principles 171 Static Continuum Theory Examples 176 The Twisted Only 176 The Twist and Tilt 179 The Tilt Only 180 The Freedericksz Cell 181 The Splay Tilt 182 In-Plane Switching 185 The Bend Perpendicular 187 The Twisted Nematic 188 In Memoriam 192 References 192 12 Dynamic Continuum Theory 193 Conservation Principles 196 The Leslie Work Hypothesis 198 Turn-On Example 202 Hydrodynamic Instability 207 Conclusion 208 References 209 13 The First Liquid Crystal Display 211 Dynamic Scattering 213 The Liquid Crystal Display Calculator 214 References 219 14 Liquid Crystal Display Chemistry 221 The Aromatic Compounds 222 The Search for a Robust Display Liquid Crystal 224 References 230 15 The Twisted Nematic 231 A Twist of Fate 234 The Gathering Patent Storm 235 Watches and Calculators 237 References 238 16 Engineering the Liquid Crystal 239 Poincaré Sphere 240 Refractive Index Ellipsoid 240 Jones Vector 240 The Phase Retardation Parameter 241 The Mauguin Condition 243 The Gooch–Tarry Condition 244 Twisted Nematic Waveguiding 245 The Twisted Nematic Cell 246 References 248 17 The Active Matrix 249 Matrix Addressing 250 The Super Twisted Nematic 254 Active Matrix Addressing 256 References 260 18 New Screens 261 Twisted Nematic Television 262 Notebook Computer Screens 263 References 270 19 The Transistor and Integrated Circuit 271 The Bohr Atom 271 The Point Contact Transistor 278 The Junction Transistor 281 The Tyranny of Numbers 285 Monolithic Component Integration 287 Monolithic Circuit Integration 289 References 294 20 A Transistor for the Active Matrix 295 Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon 298 The Field Effect Transistor 299 The a-Si:H Field Effect Thin-Film Transistor 303 References 305 21 Semiconductor Fabrication 307 Growing Crystals 308 The Planar Process 308 Photolithography 309 Etch 312 Deposition 314 The Four-Mask Bottom Gate 315 References 320 22 Enhancing the Image 321 The Grayscale 323 The On/Off Ratio 326 The Production of Color 328 The CCFL Backlight and Color Filter 333 Field Sequential Color 336 The LED Backlight 338 Signal Processing 343 References 347 23 The Wider View 349 c-axis a-plate c-plate 352 Mid-Layer Tilt 354 Twisted Nematic Display Oblique Viewing 355 Negative and Positive Compensation 356 The Discotic Solution 357 Grayscale Inversion 360 Compensation Overview 364 References 367 24 Liquid Crystal Television 369 Vertical Alignment 369 Multiple-Domain Vertical Alignment 372 In-Plane Switching 376 Fringing Field Switching 380 Response Time 383 VA Response Time Is Good 384 IPS Response Time in Slow 386 TN Is In-Between 387 Blue Flash Is Fastest 388 Overdrive 388 Flicker 389 References 395 25 Glass, Panels, and Modules 397 Glass Generations 397 The TFT Array Plate 400 The Color Filter Plate 401 Side Injection and One Drop Fill 403 Side Injection 403 One Drop Fill 404 Spacers 405 Sealing, Cutting, and Inspection 406 Electrostatic Damage Protection 407 Laser Repair 410 Yield 410 LCD Module Assembly 413 References 414 26 The Global LCD Business 415 RCA’s Legacy 416 Optical Imaging Systems 417 The Electronics Manufacturing Paradigm 421 Korea, the Emerging Economy Model 424 The Crystal Cycle and Korea 425 Crisis and Fortune in the LCD Industry 426 Samsung Is the Lucky Goldstar 427 Taiwan’s Twin Stars 432 Chimei Jumps into the Liquid Crystal Sea 434 Two Tigers, Three Cats, and a Monkey 436 Japan’s Closed Shop 438 The Worldwide Financial Tsunami 441 Is China a Rising Liquid Crystal Star? 443 The Solar Cell 446 References 448 27 New Technologies and Products 449 Light Scattering 450 Liquid Crystal Polymer Composites 452 Cholesteric Bistable Refl ective Displays 454 Ferroelectric Chiral Smectic-C Bistable Displays 455 Electrophoretic Paper 456 The Organic Light-Emitting Diode Display 457 The Blue Phase Display 458 Refl ective Displays 458 Transfl ective Displays 459 Projection Displays 462 Brightness Enhancement Film 467 Touch Screens 468 Resistive 468 Strain Gauge 469 Capacitive 469 Inductive 470 Surface Acoustic Wave 470 Infrared 470 Optical Imaging 470 Dispersive Signal 471 3D 471 LCD Products 473 References 475