ELECTRON BEAMS AND MICROWAVE VACUUM ELECTRONICS
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION I 1 OUTLINE OF THE BOOK I 2 LIST OF SYMBOLS I 3 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS AND POTENTIALS I 4 PRINCIPLE OF LEAST ACTION LAGRANGIAN GENERALIZED MOMENTUM LAGRANGIAN EQUATIONS I 5 HAMILTONIAN HAMILTONIAN EQUATIONS I 6 LIOUVILLE THEOREM I 6 1 LIOUVILLE THEOREM FOR INTERACTION PARTICLES I 6 2 LIOUVILLE THEOREM FOR NONINTERACTION IDENTICAL PARTICLES I 6 3 LIOUVILLE THEOREM FOR A PHASE SPACE OF LESSER DIMENSIONS I 7 EMITTANCE BRIGHTNESS I 7 1 EMITTANCE IN A ZERO MAGNETIC FIELD I 7 2 BRIGHTNESS I 7 3 MAXIMUM LANGMUIR BRIGHTNESS FOR THERMIONIC EMITTERS PART I ELECTRON BEAMS MOTION OF ELECTRONS IN EXTERNAL ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC STATIC FIELDS 1 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 ENERGY OF A CHARGED PARTICLE 1 3 POTENTIAL–VELOCITY RELATION (STATIC FIELDS) 1 4 ELECTRONS IN A LINEAR ELECTRIC FIELD E0E ¼ KX 1 4 1 NONRELATIVISTIC APPROXIMATION 1 4 2 RELATIVISTIC OSCILLATOR 1 5 MOTION OF ELECTRONS IN HOMOGENEOUS STATIC FIELDS 1 5 1 ELECTRIC FIELD 1 5 2 MAGNETIC FIELD 1 5 3 PARALLEL ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS 1 5 4 PERPENDICULAR FIELDS E AND B 1 5 5 ARBITRARY ORIENTATION OF FIELDS E AND B NONRELATIVISTIC APPROXIMATION 1 6 MOTION OF ELECTRONS IN WEAKLY INHOMOGENEOUS STATIC FIELDS 1 6 1 SMALL VARIATIONS IN ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ACTING ON MOVING CHARGED PARTICLES 1 6 2 ADIABATIC INVARIANTS 1 6 3 MOTION OF THE GUIDING CENTER 1 7 MOTION OF ELECTRONS IN FIELDS WITH AXIAL AND PLANE SYMMETRY BUSCH’S THEOREM 1 7 1 SYSTEMS WITH AXIAL SYMMETRY BUSCH’S THEOREM 1 7 2 FORMATION OF HELICAL TRAJECTORIES AT A JUMP IN A MAGNETIC FIELD 1 7 3 SYSTEMS WITH PLANE SYMMETRY ELECTRON LENSES 2 1 INTRODUCTION 2 2 MAUPERTUIS’S PRINCIPLE ELECTRON-OPTICAL REFRACTIVE INDEX DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF TRAJECTORIES 2 2 1 MAUPERTUIS’S PRINCIPLE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF TRAJECTORIES 2 2 2 GENERAL PROPERTIES OF CHARGED-PARTICLE TRAJECTORIES IN ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS 2 3 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF TRAJECTORIES IN AXIALLY SYMMETRIC FIELDS 2 4 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF PARAXIAL TRAJECTORIES IN AXIALLY SYMMETRIC FIELDS WITHOUT A SPACE CHARGE 2 5 FORMATION OF IMAGES BY PARAXIAL TRAJECTORIES 2 5 1 LINEARIZATION OF TRAJECTORY EQUATIONS 2 5 2 ROTATION OF AN IMAGE STIGMATIC IMAGING IMAGE SIMILARITY 2 5 3 MAGNI?CATIONS 2 6 ELECTROSTATIC AXIALLY SYMMETRIC LENSES 2 6 1 CLASSI?CATION OF ELECTROSTATIC LENSES 2 6 2 IMMERSION AND UNIPOTENTIAL LENSES 2 6 3 CARDINAL ELEMENTS OF A LENS WITH LIMITED FIELD EXTENT 2 6 4 FOCAL LENGTH OF THIN UNIPOTENTIAL AND IMMERSION LENSES CONTENTS 2 6 5 APERTURE LENSES 2 6 6 APPLICATIONS OF CATHODE LENSES 2 7 MAGNETIC AXIALLY SYMMETRIC LENSES 2 7 1 EQUATIONS OF PARAXIAL TRAJECTORIES CLASSI?CATION OF MAGNETIC LENSES 2 7 2 SHORT MAGNETIC LENSES 2 7 3 STRONG MAGNETIC LENSES 2 7 4 LONG MAGNETIC LENSES 2 8 ABERRATIONS OF AXIALLY SYMMETRIC LENSES 2 8 1 GEOMETRIC ABERRATIONS 2 8 2 CHROMATIC ABERRATION 2 8 3 DISTURBANCES OF AXIAL SYMMETRY 2 8 4 SPACE-CHARGE FIELDS 2 8 5 ELECTRON DIFFRACTION 2 9 COMPARISON OF ELECTROSTATIC AND MAGNETIC LENSES TRANSFER MATRIX OF LENSES 2 9 1 COMPARISON OF THE OPTICAL POWER OF ELECTROSTATIC AND MAGNETIC LENSES 2 9 2 SECOND-ORDER FOCUSING OF AXIALLY SYMMETRIC LENSES 2 9 3 TRANSFER MATRIX OF LENSES 2 10 QUADRUPOLE LENSES 2 10 1 INTRODUCTION 2 10 2 EQUATION OF PARAXIAL TRAJECTORIES 2 10 3 TRANSFER MATRIX 2 10 4 CARDINAL ELEMENTS 2 10 5 QUADRUPOLE DOUBLETS 2 10 6 QUADRUPOLE TRIPLETS 2 10 7 APPLICATIONS OF QUADRUPOLE LENSES ELECTRON BEAMS WITH SELF FIELDS 3 1 INTRODUCTION 3 2 SELF-CONSISTENT EQUATIONS OF STEADY-STATE SPACE-CHARGE ELECTRON BEAMS 3 2 1 SINGLE-FLOW APPROXIMATION (LAMINAR BEAMS) PINCH EFFECT 3 2 2 MULTISTREAM FLOWS 3 2 3 KINETIC DESCRIPTION 3 3 EULER’S FORM OF A MOTION EQUATION LAGRANGE AND POINCARE´ INVARIANTS OF LAMINAR FLOWS 3 3 1 EQUATION OF MOTION IN EULER FORM REGULAR BEAMS 3 3 2 LAGRANGE AND POINCARE´ INVARIANTS 3 3 3 GENERALIZED BUSCH THEOREM CONTENTS 3 4 NONVORTEX BEAMS ACTION FUNCTION PLANAR NONRELATIVISTIC DIODE PERVEANCE CHILD–LANGMUIR FORMULA R- AND T-MODES OF ELECTRON BEAMS 3 4 1 INDICATIONS OF CONGRUENT BEAMS 3 4 2 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF A CONGRUENT BEAM 3 4 3 NONMAGNETIC CONGRUENT BEAMS 3 4 4 APPLICATION OF AN ACTION FUNCTION TO ANALYSIS OF A PLANAR NONRELATIVISTIC DIODE CHILD–LANGMUIR FORMULA R- AND T-MODES 3 4 5 IN?UENCE OF INITIAL VELOCITIES 3 4 6 OPTICAL DE?NITION OF A CONGRUENT BEAM 3 5 SOLUTIONS OF SELF-CONSISTENT EQUATIONS FOR CURVILINEAR SPACE-CHARGE LAMINAR BEAMS MELTZER FLOW PLANAR MAGNETRON WITH AN INCLINED MAGNETIC FIELD DRYDEN FLOW 3 5 1 FORMS OF REPRESENTATION OF SOLUTIONS FOR CURVILINEAR SPACE-CHARGE BEAMS 3 5 2 NORMAL CONGRUENT NONRELATIVISTIC BEAMS SINGLE-COMPONENT FLOWS 3 5 3 MELTZER FLOW 3 5 4 LAMINAR NONCONGRUENT BEAMS ELECTRON GUNS 4 1 INTRODUCTION 4 2 PIERCE’S SYNTHESIS METHOD FOR GUN DESIGN 4 3 INTERNAL PROBLEMS OF SYNTHESIS RELATIVISTIC PLANAR DIODE CYLINDRICAL AND SPHERICAL DIODES 4 3 1 RELATIVISTIC PLANAR DIODE IN THE R-MODE 4 3 2 NONRELATIVISTIC CYLINDRICAL AND SPHERICAL DIODES IN THE R-MODE 4 4 EXTERNAL PROBLEMS OF SYNTHESIS CAUCHY PROBLEM 4 4 1 CAUCHY PROBLEM FOR LAPLACE’S EQUATION 4 4 2 SYNTHESIS OF A PIERCE GUN 4 5 SYNTHESIS OF ELECTRODE SYSTEMS FOR TWO-DIMENSIONAL CURVILINEAR BEAMS WITH TRANSLATION SYMMETRY (LOMAX–KIRSTEIN METHOD) MAGNETRON INJECTION GUN 4 5 1 LOMAX–KIRSTEIN METHOD OF SYNTHESIS OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS 4 5 2 DESIGN OF ELECTRODES FOR A MELTZER FLOW GUN 4 5 3 DESIGN OF ELECTRODES FOR A MAGNETRON INJECTION GUN 4 6 SYNTHESIS OF AXIALLY SYMMETRIC ELECTRODE SYSTEMS 4 6 1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM HARKER’S METHOD CONFORMAL TRANSFORMATION OF A BOUNDARY TRAJECTORY FIELD EQUATIONS IN A TRANSFORMED PLANE CONTENTS 4 6 2 TRANSFORMATION OF BEAM EQUATIONS TO A HYPERBOLIC TYPE NUMERICAL REALIZATION OF HARKER’S METHOD 4 7 ELECTRON GUNS WITH COMPRESSED BEAMS MAGNETRON INJECTION GUN 4 7 1 ELECTRON GUNS WITH WEDGE-SHAPED AND CONIC BEAMS 4 7 2 MAGNETRON INJECTION ELECTRON GUNS (KINO–TAYLOR GUNS) 4 7 3 HIGH-CONVERGENCE ELECTRON GUN WITH A MAGNETIC ACCOMPANIMENT 4 7 4 CENTRIFUGAL ELECTROSTATIC GUNS 4 8 EXPLOSIVE EMISSION GUNS 4 8 1 INTRODUCTION 4 8 2 PLANAR EXPLOSIVE EMISSION DIODES 4 8 3 MAGNETICALLY INSULATED DIODES TRANSPORT OF SPACE-CHARGE BEAMS 5 1 INTRODUCTION 5 2 UNRIPPLED AXIALLY SYMMETRIC NONRELATIVISTIC BEAMS IN A UNIFORM MAGNETIC ?ELD 5 2 1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM EQUATIONS OF AN EQUILIBRIUM BEAM 5 2 2 ISOVELOCITY BEAMS 5 2 3 SOLID BRILLOUIN BEAMS 5 2 4 HOLLOW BRILLOUIN BEAMS 5 3 UNRIPPLED RELATIVISTIC BEAMS IN A UNIFORM EXTERNAL MAGNETIC FIELD 5 3 1 INTRODUCTION 5 3 2 EQUATIONS OF RELATIVISTIC EQUILIBRIUM ELECTRON FLOW 5 3 3 SOLID RELATIVISTIC BRILLOUIN BEAMS 5 4 CYLINDRICAL BEAMS IN AN IN?NITE MAGNETIC FIELD 5 4 1 THIN ANNULAR FLOWS IN AN IN?NITE MAGNETIC FIELD 5 4 2 CYLINDRICAL SOLID BEAMS IN AN IN?NITE MAGNETIC FIELD 5 5 CENTRIFUGAL ELECTROSTATIC FOCUSING 5 5 1 INTRODUCTION 5 5 2 SELF-CONSISTENT CENTRIFUGAL FOCUSING OF AN ANNULAR ELECTRON BEAM 5 5 3 ELECTRON GUNS FORMATTING HARRIS FLOW 5 6 PARAXIAL-RAY EQUATIONS OF AXIALLY SYMMETRIC LAMINAR BEAMS 5 6 1 PARAXIAL-RAY EQUATIONS OF AXIALLY SYMMETRIC HOLLOW BEAMS WITH RECTILINEAR AXIS 5 6 2 PARAXIAL-RAY EQUATIONS OF AXIALLY SYMMETRIC SOLID BEAMS 5 6 3 EXPANSION OF A LAMINAR BEAM IN A UNIFORM DRIFT TUBE CONTENTS 5 6 4 TRANSFER OF A MAXIMAL BEAM CURRENT THROUGH A DRIFT TUBE WITHOUT EXTERNAL FIELDS 5 7 AXIALLY SYMMETRIC PARAXIAL BEAMS IN A UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD WITH ARBITRARY SHIELDING OF A CATHODE MAGNETIC FIELD 5 7 1 PARAXIAL-RAY EQUATION OF AN AXIALLY SYMMETRIC LAMINAR BEAM IN A UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD AND ITS FIRST INTEGRAL 5 7 2 EQUILIBRIUM RADIUS OF AN ELECTRON BEAM 5 7 3 STIFFNESS OF AN ELECTRON BEAM FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH OF SMALL RIPPLES 5 8 TRANSPORT OF SPACE-CHARGE BEAMS IN SPATIAL PERIODIC FIELDS 5 8 1 INTRODUCTION 5 8 2 MAGNETIC PERIODIC FOCUSING PART II MICROWAVE VACUUM ELECTRONICS QUASISTATIONARY MICROWAVE DEVICES 6 1 INTRODUCTION 6 2 CURRENTS IN ELECTRON GAPS TOTAL CURRENT AND THE SHOCKLEY–RAMO THEOREM 6 2 1 TOTAL CURRENT CONTINUITY OF TOTAL CURRENT 6 2 2 TOTAL CURRENT AND THE SHOCKLEY–RAMO THEOREM 6 2 3 PARTICULAR CASES 6 3 ADMITTANCE OF A PLANAR ELECTRON GAP ELECTRON GAP AS AN OSCILLATOR MONOTRON 6 3 1 FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM SCHEME OF THE SOLUTION 6 3 2 LAW OF CHARGE CONSERVATION 6 3 3 CALCULATION OF INDUCED CURRENT 6 3 4 LINEARIZATION OF INDUCED CURRENT COMPLEX ADMITTANCE OF AN ELECTRON GAP 6 3 5 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF AN ELECTRON GAP ELECTRON GAP AS AN OSCILLATOR MONOTRON 6 4 EQUATION OF STATIONARY OSCILLATIONS OF A RESONANCE SELF-EXCITED CIRCUIT 6 5 EFFECTS OF A SPACE-CHARGE FIELD TOTAL CURRENT METHOD HIGH-FREQUENCY DIODE IN THE R-MODE LLEWELLYN–PETERSON EQUATIONS 6 5 1 TOTAL CURRENT METHOD 6 5 2 ANALYSIS OF A DIODE FOR CURRENT LIMITED BY SPACE CHARGE 6 5 3 LLEWELLYN–PETERSON EQUATIONS CONTENTS KLYSTRONS 7 1 INTRODUCTION 7 2 VELOCITY MODULATION OF AN ELECTRON BEAM 7 3 CINEMATIC (ELEMENTARY) THEORY OF BUNCHING 7 3 1 QUALITATIVE DISCUSSION 7 3 2 BUNCHING OF A CONVECTION CURRENT 7 3 3 FOURIER EXPANSION OF A CONVECTION CURRENT 7 4 INTERACTION OF A BUNCHED CURRENT WITH A CATCHER FIELD OUTPUT POWER OF A TWO-CAVITY KLYSTRON 7 4 1 INTERACTION OF A BUNCHED CURRENT WITH A CATCHER FIELD 7 4 2 OUTPUT POWER AND ELECTRON EF?CIENCY IN A KINEMATIC APPROXIMATION 7 5 EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A TWO-RESONATOR AMPLI?ER AND FREQUENCY-MULTIPLIER KLYSTRONS 7 6 SPACE-CHARGE WAVES IN VELOCITY-MODULATED BEAMS 7 6 1 FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM 7 6 2 EQUATIONS OF SPACE-CHARGE WAVES 7 6 3 FAST AND SLOW SPACE-CHARGE WAVES 7 6 4 PLASMA FREQUENCY REDUCTION FACTOR 7 6 5 DEBUNCHING OF A VELOCITY-MODULATED BEAM BY A SPACE CHARGE 7 7 MULTICAVITY AND MULTIBEAM KLYSTRON AMPLI?ERS 7 7 1 VOLTAGE AMPLI?ER MODE (MAXIMUM GAIN) 7 7 2 POWER AMPLI?ER MODE 7 7 3 BANDWIDTH AMPLI?ER MODE 7 7 4 MULTIBEAM KLYSTRONS 7 8 RELATIVISTIC KLYSTRONS 7 9 RE?EX KLYSTRONS 7 9 1 BUNCHING OF AN ELECTRON BEAM IN A RETARDED FIELD 7 9 2 CALCULATION OF ELECTRON POWER AND EF?CIENCY 7 9 3 EQUATION OF STATIONARY OSCILLATIONS STARTING CURRENT ELECTRONIC FREQUENCY TUNING OSCILLATION ZONES 7 9 4 EF?CIENCY AND APPLICATIONS OF RE?EX KLYSTRONS TRAVELING-WAVE TUBES AND BACKWARD-WAVE OSCILLATORS (O-TYPE TUBES) 8 1 INTRODUCTION 8 2 QUALITATIVE MECHANISM OF BUNCHING AND ENERGY OUTPUT IN A TWTO 8 2 1 SCHEME OF A TWTO 8 2 2 QUALITATIVE MECHANISM OF BUNCHING AND ENERGY RADIATION IN A TWTO CONTENTS 8 3 SLOW-WAVE STRUCTURES 8 4 ELEMENTS OF SWS THEORY 8 4 1 FLOQUET’S THEOREM 8 4 2 SPATIAL HARMONICS 8 5 LINEAR THEORY OF A NONRELATIVISTIC TWTO DISPERSION EQUATION, GAIN, EFFECTS OF NONSYNCHRONISM, SPACE CHARGE, AND LOSS IN A SLOW-WAVE STRUCTURE 8 5 1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 8 5 2 BUNCHING OF A CONVECTION CURRENT IN A TRAVELING-WAVE FIELD 8 5 3 EXCITATION OF THE FIELD EW IN A SLOW-WAVE STRUCTURE BY A GIVEN CONVECTION CURRENT 8 5 4 DISPERSION EQUATION OF THE TWTO 8 5 5 DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETERS, INITIAL CONDITIONS, AND GAIN OF A NONRELATIVISTIC TWTO 8 5 6 PARTICULAR CASES 8 6 NONLINEAR EFFECTS IN A NONRELATIVISTIC TWTO ENHANCEMENT OF TWTO EF?CIENCY (VELOCITY TAPERING, DEPRESSED COLLECTORS) 8 6 1 INTRODUCTION 8 6 2 DERIVATION OF NONLINEAR EQUATIONS OF A TWTO 8 6 3 PHASING OF ELECTRONS AND TRAPPING OF BUNCHES IN A TRAVELING WAVE 8 6 4 ENHANCEMENT OF TWTO EF?CIENCY VELOCITY TAPERING DEPRESSED COLLECTORS 8 7 BASIC CHARACTERISTICS AND APPLICATIONS OF NONRELATIVISTIC TWTOS 8 7 1 INTRODUCTION 8 7 2 TWTO NOISES 8 7 3 IN?UENCE OF WAVE RE?ECTIONS ON GAIN SELF-EXCITATION OF TWTOS ATTENUATION AND SEVERING 8 7 4 INTERMODULATION DISTORTION 8 7 5 CHARACTERISTICS OF HELICAL AND COUPLED-CAVITY TWTOS 8 8 BACKWARD-WAVE OSCILLATORS 8 8 1 TRAVELING-WAVE TUBE AS AN OSCILLATOR 8 8 2 BACKWARD-WAVE AMPLI?ER TUBES: PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION 8 8 3 GAIN IN BACKWARD AMPLI?ERS AND STARTING CONDITIONS OF BWOS 8 8 4 FREQUENCY TUNING IN BWOS 8 8 5 PROPERTIES OF NONRELATIVISTIC BWOS FOR A CURRENT GREATER THAN THE STARTING VALUE 8 9 MILLIMETER NONRELATIVISTIC TWTOS, BWOS, AND OROTRONS 8 9 1 STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF MILLIMETER NONRELATIVISTIC TWTOS AND BWOS 8 9 2 CLINOTRONS 8 9 3 OROTRONS CONTENTS 8 10 RELATIVISTIC TWTOS AND BWOS 8 10 1 INTRODUCTION 8 10 2 EQUATIONS OF RELATIVISTIC BWOS AND TWTOS RELATIONS OF SIMILARITY 8 10 3 RELATIVISTIC BWOS 8 10 4 RELATIVISTIC TWTOS CROSSED-FIELD AMPLI?ERS AND OSCILLATORS (M-TYPE TUBES) 9 1 INTRODUCTION 9 2 ELEMENTARY THEORY OF A PLANAR MTWT 9 2 1 SCHEME OF A PLANAR MTWT ELECTRON BEAM IN DC CROSSED FIELDS 9 2 2 MOTION AND BUNCHING OF ELECTRONS IN A HIGH-FREQUENCY FIELD (ADIABATIC APPROXIMATION) 9 2 3 COMPARISON OF BASIC FEATURES OF BUNCHING AND ENERGY TRANSFER IN MTWTS AND TWTOS 9 3 MTWT AMPLI?CATION 9 3 1 EQUATION OF EXCITATION 9 3 2 DISPERSION EQUATION 9 3 3 GAIN OF AN MTWT 9 3 4 EFFECTS OF SPACE CHARGE AND LOSSES 9 3 5 NONLINEAR GAIN OF AN MTWT 9 3 6 EF?CIENCY OF AN MTWT 9 4 M-TYPE INJECTED BEAM BACKWARD-WAVE OSCILLATORS (MWO, M-CARCINOTRON) 9 4 1 INTRODUCTION 9 4 2 STARTING CONDITIONS OF AN MBWO 9 4 3 LARGE-SIGNAL EFFECTS 9 4 4 PARAMETERS AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN MBWO 9 5 MAGNETRONS 9 5 1 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD IN A MAGNETRON RESONATOR 9 5 2 ELECTRON BEAM IN A MAGNETRON 9 5 3 DYNAMIC REGIME OF A MAGNETRON THRESHOLD VOLTAGE 9 5 4 MAGNETRON EF?CIENCY 9 5 5 MAGNETRON PERFORMANCE 9 5 6 MAGNETRON FREQUENCY TUNING 9 6 RELATIVISTIC MAGNETRONS 9 6 1 INTRODUCTION 9 6 2 HULL AND BUNEMAN–HARTREE CONDITIONS 9 6 3 PERFORMANCE OF RELATIVISTIC MAGNETRONS 9 6 4 PULSE DURATION, REPETITIVE OPERATIONS, AND PHASE LOCKING IN RELATIVISTIC MAGNETRONS 9 7 MAGNETICALLY INSULATED LINE OSCILLATORS CONTENTS 9 7 1 MILO PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION CHOKE-EQUIPPED MILOS 9 7 2 TAPERED MILOS 9 8 CROSSED-FIELD AMPLI?ERS 9 8 1 BASIC TYPES OF CFAS 9 8 2 SLOW-WAVE STRUCTURES OF CFAS 9 8 3 AMPLI?CATION AND EF?CIENCY OF AMPLITRONS 9 8 4 AMPLITRON BANDWIDTH 9 8 5 AMPLITRON PHASE CHARACTERISTICS 9 8 6 ELECTRON EMISSION IN CFAS CLASSICAL ELECTRON MASERS AND FREE ELECTRON LASERS 10 1 INTRODUCTION 10 2 SPONTANEOUS RADIATION OF CLASSICAL ELECTRON OSCILLATORS 10 2 1 INTRODUCTION 10 2 2 MAGNETIC BREMSSTRAHLUNG DOPPLER FREQUENCY UP-CONVERSION 10 3 STIMULATED RADIATION OF EXCITED CLASSICAL ELECTRON OSCILLATORS 10 3 1 ADMITTANCE OF AN ENSEMBLE OF CLASSICAL OSCILLATORS 10 3 2 LINEAR OSCILLATORS NEAR A RESONANCE 10 3 3 STIMULATED RADIATION OF NONLINEAR OSCILLATORS NEAR RESONANCE ON THE NTH HARMONIC 10 3 4 SPATIAL BUNCHING OF CLASSICAL OSCILLATORS 10 4 EXAMPLES OF ELECTRON CYCLOTRON MASERS 10 4 1 OSCILLATOR OF BARKHAUSEN–KURTZ 10 4 2 STROPHOTRON 10 4 3 UBITRON 10 4 4 PENIOTRON 10 4 5 MAGNICON 10 4 6 TROCHOTRON (ECM WITH TROCHOIDAL ELECTRON BEAM) 10 4 7 GYROMONOTRON: OSCILLATOR WITH A HELICAL ELECTRON BEAM IN A QUASIUNIFORM WAVEGUIDE NEAR ITS CUTOFF FREQUENCY 10 5 RESONATORS OF GYROMONOTRONS (FREE AND FORCED OSCILLATIONS) 10 5 1 CONSTRUCTION AND BASIC PARAMETERS OF RESONATORS 10 5 2 FREE OSCILLATIONS OF GYROTRON RESONATORS 10 5 3 ENERGY BALANCE FOR FREE AND FORCED STATIONARY OSCILLATIONS 10 6 THEORY OF A GYROMONOTRON 10 6 1 EQUATION OF ELECTRON MOTION IN A TE WAVE AT QUASI-CUTOFF FREQUENCY 10 6 2 REDUCING EQS (10 72) AND (10 73) TO SLOW VARIABLES 10 6 3 AVERAGING OF EQUATIONS CONTENTS 10 6 4 HAMILTONIAN FORM OF AVERAGED EQUATIONS 10 6 5 ENERGY INTEGRAL OF AVERAGED EQUATIONS 10 6 6 AVERAGED EQUATIONS IN POLAR COORDINATES SUBRELATIVISTIC GYROTRONS 10 7 1 INTRODUCTION 10 7 2 DERIVATION OF SUBRELATIVISTIC AVERAGED EQUATIONS 10 7 3 RESULTS OF INTEGRATION OF SUBRELATIVISTIC GYROTRON EQUATIONS 10 7 4 LINEARIZATION OF SUBRELATIVISTIC GYROTRON EQUATIONS 10 7 5 STARTING REGIME OF A GYROMONOTRON ELEMENTS OF GYROTRON ELECTRON OPTICS 10 8 1 PARAMETERS OF HELICAL ELECTRON BEAMS 10 8 2 SYSTEMS OF HEB FORMATION 10 8 3 THEORY OF AN ADIABATIC MAGNETRON-INJECTED GUN IN A NONRELATIVISTIC APPROXIMATION 10 8 4 ADVANCED DESIGN OF AN MIG 10 8 5 VELOCITY, ENERGY SPREAD, AND INSTABILITIES OF HEBS 10 8 6 POTENTIAL DEPRESSION AND LIMITING CURRENT OF HEBS MODE INTERACTION AND MODE SELECTION IN GYROTRONS OUTPUT POWER SYSTEMS 10 9 1 MODE INTERACTION 10 9 2 MODE SELECTION 10 9 3 OUTPUT POWER SYSTEMS 10 9 4 OUTPUT WINDOWS 10 9 5 DEPRESSED COLLECTORS 10 10 GYROKLYSTRONS 10 10 1 INTRODUCTION 10 10 2 BASIC MODEL 10 10 3 GYROKLYSTRON EQUATIONS 10 10 4 EF?CIENCY, GAIN, AND BANDWIDTH OF GYROKLYSTRONS 10 11 GYRO-TRAVELING-WAVE TUBES 10 11 1 SCHEME OF A GYRO-TWT RESONANCE CONDITION 10 11 2 LINEAR THEORY OF GYRO-TWTS 10 11 3 BANDWIDTH OF GYRO-TWTS 10 11 4 RE?ECTIVE INSTABILITY OF GYRO-TWTS 10 12 APPLICATIONS OF GYROTRONS 10 12 1 INTRODUCTION 10 12 2 ELECTRON–CYCLOTRON RESONANCE HEATING AND CURRENT DRIVE 10 12 3 GENERATION OF MULTIPLY CHARGED IONS AND SOFT X-RAYS ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 10 12 4 MICROWAVE PROCESSION OF MATERIALS CONTENTS 10 12 5 MILLIMETER RADAR SYSTEMS 10 12 6 GYROKLYSTRON RF DRIVERS FOR TEV LINEAR ELECTRON–POSITRON COLLIDERS 10 13 CYCLOTRON AUTORESONANCE MASERS 10 13 1 MODERATELY RELATIVISTIC GYROTRONS 10 13 2 OPERATION PRINCIPLE AND SOME PROPERTIES OF CARM OSCILLATORS 10 14 FREE ELECTRON LASERS 10 14 1 INTRODUCTION 10 14 2 SCHEME OF AN FEL 10 14 3 LINEAR THEORY OF FELS 10 14 4 PARAMETERS OF FELS 10 14 5 APPLICATIONS OF FELS