VLSI ELECTRONICS: MICROSTRUCTURE SCIENCE
CONTENTS CHAPTER WIRELESS INTEGRATED NEUROCHEMICAL AND NEUROPOTENTIAL SENSING INTRODUCTION NEUROCHEMICAL SENSING A REVIEW OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS ELECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND INSTRUMENTATION VLSI MULTICHANNEL POTENTIOSTAT NEUROPOTENTIAL SENSING PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF EEG/ECOG INTERFACE CIRCUITRY RF TELEMETRY AND POWER HARVESTING IN IMPLANTED DEVICES INTRODUCTION TO INDUCTIVE COUPLING TELEMETRY SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE AND VLSI DESIGN ALTERNATIVE ENCODING AND TRANSMISSION SCHEMES MULTIMODAL ELECTRICAL AND CHEMICAL SENSING SUMMARY CHAPTER VISUAL CORTICAL NEUROPROSTHESIS: A SYSTEM APPROACH SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE PROSTHESIS EXTERIOR BODY UNIT AND WIRELESS LINK NEUROMORPHIC ENCODER EXTERNAL BODY UNIT (PRIMARY RF UNIT) RF TRANSFORMER BODY IMPLANTABLE UNIT BIT SYNCHRONIZER REVERSE LINK COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL SYSTEM PROTOTYPE CONCLUSIONS CMOS CIRCUITS FOR BIOMEDICAL IMPLANTABLE DEVICES INDUCTIVE LINK TO DELIVER POWER TO IMPLANTS INDUCTIVE LINK FUNDAMENTALS THE POWER EFFICIENCY POWER RECOVERY AND VOLTAGE REGULATION HIGH DATA RATE TRANSMISSION THROUGH INDUCTIVE LINKS THE BPSK DEMODULATOR THE QPSK DEMODULATOR VALIDATION OF THE DEMODULATOR ARCHITECTURE ENERGY AND BANDWIDTH ISSUES IN MULTI-CHANNEL BIOPOTENTIAL RECORDING: CASE STUDY MICROPOWER LOW-NOISE BIOAMPLIFIER REAL-TIME DATA REDUCTION AND COMPRESSION TOWARD SELF-POWERED SENSORS AND CIRCUITS FOR BIOMECHANICAL IMPLANTS STRESS, STRAIN AND FATIGUE PREDICTION IN VIVO STRAIN MEASUREMENT AND MOTIVATION FOR SELF-POWERED SENSING FUNDAMENTALS OF PIEZOELECTRIC TRANSDUCTION AND POWER DELIVERY PIEZOELECTRIC BASICS PIEZOELECTRIC MODELING ORTHOPAEDIC APPLICATIONS SUB-MICROWATT PIEZO-POWERED VLSI CIRCUITS FLOATING-GATE TRANSISTORS FLOATING-GATE INJECTOR AND ITS MATHEMATICAL MODEL CMOS CURRENT REFERENCES FLOATING-GATE CURRENT REFERENCES DESIGN AND CALIBRATION OF A COMPLETE FLOATING-GATE SENSOR ARRAY CMOS CIRCUITS FOR WIRELESS MEDICAL APPLICATIONS SPECTRUM REGULATIONS FOR MEDICAL USE INTEGRATED RECEIVER ARCHITECTURES INTEGRATED TRANSMIT ARCHITECTURES RADIO ARCHITECTURE SELECTION SYSTEM BUDGET CALCULATIONS LOW NOISE AMPLIFIERS MIXERS POLYPHASE FILTER POWER AMPLIFIER (PA) PHASE LOCKED LOOP (PLL) ERROR-CORRECTING CODES FOR IN VIVO RF WIRELESS LINKS IN VIVO HUMAN BODY CHANNEL MODELING POWER DISSIPATION MODEL FOR THE RF LINK WITH ERROR-CORRECTING CODES ENCODER IMPLEMENTATIONS AND POWER SAVINGS FOR ECC ACKNOWLEDGMENTS MICRONEEDLES: A SOLID-STATE INTERFACE WITH THE HUMAN BODY THE STRUCTURE OF THE SKIN CATEGORIES OF MICRONEEDLES AND PROBES FABRICATION METHODS FOR HOLLOW OUT-OF-PLANE MICRONEEDLES FABRICATION OF METAL MICRONEEDLES FABRICATION OF SILICON MICRONEEDLES FABRICATION OF POLYMER MICRONEEDLES FURTHER FABRICATION METHODS FOR MICRONEEDLES APPLICATIONS FOR MICRONEEDLES DRUG DELIVERY THROUGH MICRONEEDLES BIOSENSING USING MICRONEEDLES CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK THE STATE OF THE ART OF MICRONEEDLE RESEARCH FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS INTEGRATED CIRCUITS FOR NEURAL INTERFACING: NEUROELECTRICAL RECORDING INTRODUCTION TO NEURAL RECORDING THE NATURE OF NEURAL SIGNALS NEURAL SIGNAL AMPLIFICATION DESIGN REQUIREMENTS CIRCUIT ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN TECHNIQUES NOISE VS LAYOUT AREA INTEGRATED CIRCUITS FOR NEURAL INTERFACING: NEUROCHEMICAL RECORDING INTRODUCTION TO NEUROCHEMICAL RECORDING CHEMICAL MONITORING SENSOR AND CIRCUIT TECHNOLOGIES NEUROCHEMICAL SENSING PROBES NEUROCHEMICAL SENSING INTERFACE CIRCUITRY INTEGRATED CIRCUITS FOR NEURAL INTERFACING: NEURAL STIMULATION INTRODUCTION TO NEURAL STIMULATION ELECTRODE CONFIGURATION AND TISSUE VOLUME CONDUCTOR ELECTRODE-ELECTROLYTE INTERFACE EFFICACY OF NEURAL STIMULATION STIMULUS GENERATOR ARCHITECTURE STIMULATION FRONT-END CIRCUITS CIRCUITS FOR IMPLANTABLE NEURAL RECORDING AND STIMULATION NEUROPHYSIOLOGY AND THE ACTION POTENTIAL ELECTRODES THE TRIPOLAR CUFF MODEL AND TRIPOLAR AMPLIFIER CONFIGURATIONS BIOAMPLIFIER CIRCUITS CLOCK-BASED TECHNIQUES CONTINUOUS-TIME TECHNIQUES STIMULATION AND CIRCUITS MODES OF STIMULATION TYPES OF STIMULATION WAVEFORMS STIMULATOR FAILURE PROTECTION TECHNIQUES STIMULATOR OUTPUT STAGE CONFIGURATIONS UTILIZING BLOCKING CAPACITORS METHOD TO REDUCE THE BLOCKING CAPACITOR VALUE STIMULATOR CURRENT GENERATOR CIRCUITS CONCLUSION NEUROMIMETIC INTEGRATED CIRCUITS INTRODUCTION AND APPLICATION DOMAIN NEURON MODELS FOR DIFFERENT COMPUTATION LEVELS OF SNNS CELL LEVEL NETWORK LEVEL STATE OF THE ART OF HARDWARE-BASED SNN SYSTEM CONSTRAINTS AND COMPUTATION DISTRIBUTION EXISTING SOLUTIONS CRITERIA FOR DESIGN STRATEGIES OF NEUROMIMETIC ICS SPECIFIC OR GENERIC MATHEMATICAL OPERATORS MONOSYNAPSES OR MULTISYNAPSES IC FLEXIBILITY VS NETWORK SPECIFICATIONS CMOS OR BICMOS TECHNOLOGY IP-BASED DESIGN NEUROMIMETIC ICS: EXAMPLE OF A SERIES OF ASICS A SUBTHRESHOLD CMOS ASIC WITH FIXED MODEL PARAMETERS A BICMOS ASIC WITH FIXED MODEL PARAMETERS A BICMOS ASIC WITH TUNABLE MODEL PARAMETERS A BICMOS ASIC WITH TUNABLE MODEL PARAMETERS AND MULTISYNAPSES CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES CIRCUITS FOR AMPEROMETRIC ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND THE ELECTRODE PROCESS ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL THREE-ELECTRODE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM POTENTIOSTAT POTENTIAL CONTROL CONFIGURATIONS CURRENT MEASUREMENT APPROACHES DESIGN ISSUES IN ADVANCED CMOS PROCESSES GENERATING THE INPUT DRIVE VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MODELING MATHEMATICAL CIRCUIT MODELING NUMERICAL MODELING ADC CIRCUITS FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS A SECOND-ORDER ?? MODULATOR (??M) WITH 80 DB SNDR AND 83 DB DR OPERATING DOWN TO 0 9 V SECOND-ORDER SIGMA-DELTA ARCHITECTURE CIRCUIT IMPLEMENTATION INTEGRATED PROTOTYPES AND MEASURED RESULTS A CALIBRATION-FREE LOW-POWER AND LOW-AREA 1 2 V 14-B RESOLUTION AND 80 KHZ BW TWO-STAGE ALGORITHMIC ADC ARCHITECTURE DESCRIPTION AND TIMING OTA AND COMPARATORS THE MISMATCH-INSENSITIVE MULTIPLYING-DAC CIRCUIT IMPLEMENTATION AND SIMULATION RESULTS CMOS CIRCUIT DESIGN FOR LABEL-FREE MEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS LABEL-FREE MOLECULAR DETECTION WITH ELECTROCHEMICAL CAPACITORS THE IDEAL-CAPACITANCE MODEL THE CONSTANT PHASE ELEMENT MODEL ELECTRODES BIO-FUNCTIONALIZATION DNA PROBE IMMOBILIZATION DNA TARGET HYBRIDIZATION DNA DETECTION CHIP DESIGN FOR CAPACITANCE MEASUREMENTS CHARGE-BASED CAPACITANCE MEASUREMENTS FREQUENCY TO CAPACITANCE MEASUREMENTS TECHNIQUE BIOCHIP APPLICATION TO DNA DISCUSSION ON RESULTS: ANALYSIS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS DISCUSSION ON BIOCHEMICAL ISSUES CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES SILICON-BASED MICROFLUIDIC SYSTEMS FOR NUCLEIC ACID ANALYSIS FROM TUBES TO CHIPS NUCLEIC ACID EXTRACTION NUCLEIC ACID AMPLIFICATION NUCLEIC ACID DETECTION DISCUSSION ARCHITECTURAL OPTIMIZATIONS FOR DIGITAL MICROFLUIDIC BIOCHIPS CHALLENGES TESTING AND RECONFIGURATION STRATEGIES TESTING TECHNIQUE BASED ON PARTITIONING THE GRID FOR MULTIPLE SOURCES AND SINKS RECONFIGURATION TECHNIQUES FOR FAULT ISOLATION SCHEDULING AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION FOR PIN-CONSTRAINED BIOCHIPS EWOD DROPLET CONSTRAINTS ADDITIONAL CONSTRAINTS DUE TO CROSS REFERENCING OPTIMIZATION INTEGRATED TESTING, SCHEDULING, AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION OFF-LINE TESTING ON-LINE TESTING COMPARISONS BETWEEN OFF-LINE AND ON-LINE TESTING AND LIMITATIONS FUTURE TRENDS MAGNETOTACTIC BACTERIA AS FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS IN CMOS MICROELECTRONIC SYSTEMS SELECTING THE TYPE OF MAGNETOTACTIC BACTERIA BACTERIAL FLAGELLATED NANOMOTORS THRUST FORCE AND TERMINAL VELOCITY CONTROLLING THE SWIMMING DIRECTION OF MTB THROUGH MAGNETOTAXIS CONTROLLING THE VELOCITY OF BACTERIAL CARRIERS BY MODIFYING VISCOSITY AND/OR TEMPERATURE LOADING THE BACTERIAL CARRIERS INTEGRATING MTB-BASED CARRIER DETECTION AND TRACKING IN CMOS CIRCUITS SENSING MICROELECTRODES CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY