RADAR AND ARPA MANUAL
CONTENTS BASIC RADAR PRINCIPLES INTRODUCTION PRINCIPLES OF RANGE MEASUREMENT THE ECHO PRINCIPLE RANGE AS A FUNCTION OF TIME THE TIMEBASE CALIBRATION OF THE TIMEBASE THE SYNTHETIC DISPLAY PRINCIPLES OF BEARING MEASUREMENT DIRECTIONAL TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION SYNCHRONIZATION OF SCANNER AND TRACE THE BUILD-UP OF THE PICTURE THE HEADING MARKER BEARING MEASUREMENT PICTURE ORIENTATION SHIP’S-HEAD-UP ORIENTATION (UNSTABILIZED) TRUE-NORTH-UP ORIENTATION (STABILIZED) COURSE-UP ORIENTATION (STABILIZED) CHOICE OF ORIENTATION PICTURE PRESENTATION THE RELATIVE-MOTION PRESENTATION THE TRUE-MOTION PRESENTATION CHOICE OF PRESENTATION THE RADAR SYSTEM – OPERATIONAL PRINCIPLES FUNCTION OF UNITS THE TRANSMITTER FUNCTION THE AERIAL FUNCTION THE RECEIVER FUNCTION THE DISPLAY FUNCTION TRANSMITTER PRINCIPLES THE PULSE REPETITION FREQUENCY THE PULSE LENGTH, POWER AND SHAPE THE RADIO FREQUENCY OF THE TRANSMITTED PULSE SELECTION OF PRF AND PULSE LENGTH AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH RANGE SCALE AERIAL PRINCIPLES AERIAL CONCEPTS THE HORIZONTAL BEAMWIDTH THE VERTICAL BEAMWIDTH AERIAL ROTATION RATE AERIAL AND DISPLAY ROTATION LINK HEADING MARKER DATA RADAR PHASED ARRAY AERIAL SYSTEMS RECEIVER PRINCIPLES THE RADIO FREQUENCY SECTION THE INTERMEDIATE FREQUENCY AMPLIFIER THE VIDEO SECTION DISPLAY PRINCIPLES THE CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT) REAL-TIME PICTURE GENERATION COMPASS (OR AZIMUTH) STABILIZATION THE PROVISION OF TRUE-MOTION FACILITIES ON A RADIAL CRT DISPLAY ECHO PAINT THE RADIAL-SCAN SYNTHETIC DISPLAY THE RASTER-SCAN SYNTHETIC DISPLAY THE SITING OF UNITS ON BOARD SHIP AERIAL SITING THE TRANSCEIVER UNIT THE DISPLAY UNIT COMPASS SAFE DISTANCES EXPOSED AND PROTECTED EQUIPMENT POWER SUPPLIES HIGH VOLTAGE HAZARDS INTERSWITCHING TARGET DETECTION RADAR CHARACTERISTICS TRANSMITTER CHARACTERISTICS ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS RECEIVER CHARACTERISTICS MINIMUM DETECTION RANGE DETECTION PERFORMANCE STANDARDS TARGET CHARACTERISTICS ASPECT SURFACE TEXTURE MATERIAL SHAPE SIZE RESPONSES FROM SPECIFIC TARGETS TARGET ENHANCEMENT – PASSIVE CORNER REFLECTORS ARRAYS OF REFLECTORS THE LUNENBURG LENS BUOY PATTERNS TARGET ENHANCEMENT – ACTIVE THE RACON PRINCIPLE THE RACON APPEARANCE ON THE DISPLAY FREQUENCY AND POLARIZATION THE RAMARK SOURCES OF RADAR BEACON INFORMATION THE RADAFLARE SEARCH AND RESCUE TRANSPONDERS (SARTS) THE DETECTION OF TARGETS IN SEA CLUTTER THE NATURE OF SEA CLUTTER RESPONSE THE CLUTTER PROBLEM SUMMARIZED THE SUPPRESSION OF DISPLAYED SEA CLUTTER SIGNALS THE DETECTION OF TARGETS IN PRECIPITATION CLUTTER THE NATURE OF PRECIPITATION RESPONSE ATTENUATION IN PRECIPITATION THE EFFECT OF PRECIPITATION TYPE THE SUPPRESSION OF RAIN CLUTTER COMBATING THE ATTENUATION CAUSED BY PRECIPITATION EXPLOITING THE ABILITY OF RADAR TO DETECT PRECIPITATION THE RADAR HORIZON THE EFFECT OF STANDARD ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS SUB-REFRACTION SUPER-REFRACTION EXTRA SUPER-REFRACTION OR DUCTING FALSE AND UNWANTED RADAR RESPONSES INDIRECT ECHOES (REFLECTED ECHOES) MULTIPLE ECHOES SIDE ECHOES RADAR-TO-RADAR INTERFERENCE SECOND-TRACE ECHOES FALSE ECHOES FROM POWER CABLES FUTURE ADVANCES IN TARGET DETECTION COHERENT RADAR SYSTEMS AUTOMATIC TARGET TRACKING, SPECIFIED FACILITIES INTEGRAL AND STAND-ALONE DISPLAYS CURRENT PLOTTING CARRIAGE REQUIREMENTS, STANDARDS AND OPERATOR TRAINING (1997 AND 2001 STANDARDS) FUTURE CARRIAGE REQUIREMENTS, STANDARDS AND OPERATOR TRAINING COMPLIANCE WITH THE IMO PERFORMANCE STANDARDS THE ACQUISITION OF TARGETS THE ACQUISITION SPECIFICATION MANUAL ACQUISITION FULLY AUTOMATIC ACQUISITION AUTOMATIC ACQUISITION BY AREA GUARD ZONES GUARD RINGS AND AREA REJECTION BOUNDARIES (ARBS) THE TRACKING OF TARGETS THE TRACKING SPECIFICATION RATE AIDING THE NUMBER OF TARGETS TO BE TRACKED TARGET LOSS TARGET SWAP THE ANALYSIS OF TRACKS AND THE DISPLAY OF DATA TRACKING HISTORY VECTORS RELATIVE VECTORS TRUE VECTORS TRIAL MANOEUVRE THE ARPA AND ATA DISPLAY THE CONTINUED AVAILABILITY OF RADAR DATA IN THE EVENT OF AN ATA OR ARPA MALFUNCTION THE SIZE OF THE DISPLAY THE RANGE SCALES ON WHICH ARPA AND ATA FACILITIES SHOULD BE AVAILABLE THE MODES OF DISPLAY ARPA OR ATA DATA SHOULD NOT OBSCURE RADAR DATA THE ARPA AND ATA DATA BRILLIANCE CONTROL THE ABILITY TO VIEW THE DISPLAY THE USE OF THE MARKER FOR RANGE AND BEARING MEASUREMENT THE EFFECT OF CHANGING RANGE SCALES THE DISPLAY OF ALPHANUMERIC DATA ALARMS AND WARNINGS GUARD ZONE VIOLATION PREDICTED CPA/TCPA VIOLATION LOST TARGET PERFORMANCE TESTS AND WARNINGS CONNECTIONS WITH OTHER EQUIPMENT ARPA AND ATA – ADDITIONAL FACILITIES ADDITIONAL ALARMS AND WARNINGS TIME TO MANOEUVRE TRACK CHANGE ANCHOR WATCH TRACKS FULL WRONG OR INVALID REQUEST SAFE LIMIT VECTOR SUPPRESSION TRIAL ALARM AUTOMATIC GROUND-STABILIZATION NAVIGATIONAL LINES AND MAPS THE PREDICTED POINT OF COLLISION (PPC) THE CONCEPT OF COLLISION POINTS THE BEHAVIOUR OF COLLISION POINTS IF THE OBSERVING SHIP MAINTAINS SPEED THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE COLLISION POINT WHEN THE TARGET SHIP’S SPEED CHANGES THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE COLLISION POINT WHEN THE TARGET CHANGES COURSE THE PREDICTED AREA OF DANGER (PAD) THE PAD IN PRACTICE CHANGES IN THE SHAPE OF THE PAD THE MOVEMENT OF THE PAD THE FUTURE OF PADS THE RADAR SYSTEM – OPERATIONAL CONTROLS OPTIMUM PERFORMANCE SETTING-UP PROCEDURE FOR AN ANALOGUE DISPLAY PRELIMINARY PROCEDURE SWITCHING ON PREPARING THE DISPLAY OBTAINING THE OPTIMUM PICTURE SETTING-UP PROCEDURE FOR A RADIAL-SCAN SYNTHETIC DISPLAY SETTING-UP PROCEDURE FOR A RASTER-SCAN SYNTHETIC DISPLAY PERFORMANCE MONITORING THE PRINCIPLE OF THE ECHO BOX ECHO BOX SITING POWER MONITORS TRANSPONDER PERFORMANCE MONITORS CALIBRATION LEVELS PERFORMANCE CHECK PROCEDURE CHANGE OF RANGE SCALE AND/OR PULSE LENGTH THE STAND-BY CONDITION SETTING UP THE DISPLAY FOR A TRUE-MOTION PICTURE PRESENTATION THE CONTROLS SETTING UP A SEA-STABILIZED PRESENTATION SETTING UP A GROUND-STABILIZED PRESENTATION CONTROLS FOR RANGE AND BEARING MEASUREMENT FIXED RANGE RINGS VARIABLE RANGE MARKER (VRM) THE PERSPEX CURSOR PARALLEL INDEX LINES THE ELECTRONIC BEARING LINE (EBL) FREE ELECTRONIC RANGE AND BEARING LINE JOYSTICK/TRACKER BALL AND SCREEN MARKER RANGE ACCURACY BEARING ACCURACY CONTROLS FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF UNWANTED RESPONSES SEA CLUTTER SUPPRESSION RAIN CLUTTER SUPPRESSION INTERFERENCE SUPPRESSION MISCELLANEOUS CONTROLS ECHO STRETCH SECOND-TRACE ECHO ELIMINATION SETTING-UP PROCEDURE FOR AN AUTOMATIC RADAR PLOTTING DISPLAY THE INPUT OF RADAR DATA SWITCHING ON THE COMPUTER HEADING AND SPEED INPUT DATA SETTING THE ARPA OR ATA BRILLIANCE SETTING THE VECTOR TIME CONTROL SETTING THE VECTOR MODE SAFE LIMITS PREPARATION FOR TRACKING SWITCHING OFF RADAR PLOTTING INCLUDING COLLISION AVOIDANCE THE RELATIVE PLOT THE VECTOR TRIANGLE THE PLOTTING TRIANGLE THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE PLOT THE PRACTICALITIES OF PLOTTING THE NEED TO EXTRACT NUMERICAL DATA THE PLOT IN SPECIAL CASES WHERE NO TRIANGLE ‘APPEARS’ THE TRUE PLOT THE PLOT WHEN ONLY THE TARGET MANOEUVRES THE DANGER IN ATTEMPTING TO GUESS THE ACTION TAKEN BY A TARGET THE PLOT WHEN OWN SHIP MANOEUVRES THE PLOT WHEN OWN SHIP ALTERS COURSE ONLY THE PLOT WHEN OWN SHIP ALTERS SPEED ONLY THE USE OF ‘STOPPING DISTANCE’ TABLES, GRAPHS AND FORMULAE THE PLOT WHEN OWN SHIP COMBINES COURSE AND SPEED ALTERATIONS THE PLOT WHEN OWN SHIP RESUMES COURSE AND/OR SPEED THE PLOT WHEN BOTH VESSELS MANOEUVRE SIMULTANEOUSLY THE THEORY AND CONSTRUCTION OF PPCS, PADS, SODS AND SOPS THE CONSTRUCTION TO FIND THE PPC THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE PAD THE SECTOR OF DANGER (SOD) THE CONSTRUCTION OF A SECTOR OF DANGER THE SECTOR OF PREFERENCE (SOP) THE CONSTRUCTION OF A SECTOR OF PREFERENCE THE PLOT IN TIDE THE COURSE TO STEER TO COUNTERACT THE TIDE THE CHANGE OF COURSE NEEDED TO MAINTAIN TRACK WHEN CHANGING SPEED IN TIDE THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF REFLECTION PLOTTERS THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE REFLECTION PLOTTER TESTING AND ADJUSTMENT CARE AND MAINTENANCE THE PRACTICAL USE OF REFLECTION PLOTTERS, INCLUDING THE USE OF THE PERSPEX CURSOR AND PARALLEL INDEX CHANGING RANGE SCALE THE USE OF THE ‘FREE’ EBL TO DRAW PARALLEL LINES FIXED AND ROTATABLE SURFACES – USE WITH A SHIP’S-HEAD-UP UNSTABILIZED DISPLAY FLAT AND CONCAVE SURFACES USE IN CONJUNCTION WITH PARALLEL INDEXING REFLECTION PLOTTERS AND RASTER-SCAN DISPLAYS MANUAL PLOTTING – ACCURACY AND ERRORS ACCURACY OF BEARINGS AS PLOTTED ACCURACY OF RANGES AS PLOTTED ACCURACY OF OWN SHIP’S SPEED ACCURACY OF OWN SHIP’S COURSE ACCURACY OF THE PLOTTING INTERVAL THE ACCURACY WITH WHICH CPA CAN BE DETERMINED THE CONSEQUENCES OF RANDOM ERRORS IN OWN SHIP’S COURSE AND SPEED SUMMARY ERRORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE TRUE-MOTION PRESENTATION INCORRECT SETTING OF THE TRUE-MOTION CONTROLS TRACKING COURSE ERRORS TRACKING SPEED ERRORS RADAR PLOTTING AIDS THE RADAR PLOTTING BOARD THREAT ASSESSMENT MARKERS (‘MATCHSTICKS’ OR ‘PINS’) THE ‘E’ PLOT ELECTRONIC PLOTTING AID (EPA) THE REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA AS APPLIED TO RADAR AND ARPA/ATA LOOKOUT – RULE SAFE SPEED – RULE RISK OF COLLISION – RULE CONDUCT OF VESSELS IN RESTRICTED VISIBILITY – RULE ACTION TO AVOID COLLISION – RULE THE CUMULATIVE TURN CONCLUSION INTELLIGENT KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS AS APPLIED TO COLLISION AVOIDANCE NAVIGATION TECHNIQUES USING RADAR AND ARPA/ATA IDENTIFICATION OF TARGETS AND CHART COMPARISON LONG RANGE TARGET IDENTIFICATION THE EFFECT OF DISCRIMINATION SHADOW AREAS RISE AND FALL OF TIDE RADAR-CONSPICUOUS TARGETS PILOTAGE SITUATIONS POSITION FIXING SELECTION OF TARGETS TYPES OF POSITION LINE PARALLEL INDEXING PREPARATIONS AND PRECAUTIONS RELATIVE PARALLEL INDEXING, THE TECHNIQUE PROGRESS MONITORING PARALLEL INDEXING ON A TRUE-MOTION DISPLAY MODERN RADAR NAVIGATION FACILITIES UNPLANNED PARALLEL INDEXING ANTI-COLLISION MANOEUVRING WHILE PARALLEL INDEXING ARPA AND ATA – ACCURACY AND ERRORS THE TEST SCENARIOS USED IN CURRENT STANDARDS THE ACCURACY OF DISPLAYED DATA REQUIRED BY THE PERFORMANCE STANDARD CURRENT STANDARDS FUTURE STANDARDS THE CLASSIFICATION OF ARPA AND ATA ERROR SOURCES ERRORS THAT ARE GENERATED IN THE RADAR INSTALLATION GLINT ERRORS IN BEARING MEASUREMENT ERRORS IN RANGE MEASUREMENT THE EFFECT OF RANDOM GYRO COMPASS ERRORS THE EFFECT OF RANDOM LOG ERRORS THE MAGNITUDE OF SENSOR ERRORS SPECIFIED IN THE PERFORMANCE STANDARD ERRORS IN DISPLAYED DATA TRACK ERRORS THE EFFECT ON VECTORS OF INCORRECT COURSE AND SPEED INPUT THE EFFECT ON THE PPC OF INCORRECT DATA INPUT ERRORS OF INTERPRETATION ERRORS WITH VECTOR SYSTEMS ERRORS WITH PPC AND PAD SYSTEMS THE MISLEADING EFFECT OF AFTERGLOW ACCURACY OF THE PRESENTED DATA MISSED TARGETS 10 ANCILLARY EQUIPMENT GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS (GNSS) GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) THE MEASUREMENT OF RANGE AND TIME FROM THE SATELLITE THE POSITION FIX USER EQUIPMENT AND DISPLAY OF DATA ACCURACY AND ERRORS DIFFERENTIAL GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (DGPS) OTHER GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENTS INTER-RELATIONSHIP OF GNSS WITH RADAR INTER-RELATIONSHIP OF GNSS WITH ECDIS ELECTRONIC CHARTS (ECDIS) VECTOR CHARTS RASTER CHARTS COMPARISON BETWEEN PAPER AND ELECTRONIC CHARTS COMPARISON BETWEEN VECTOR AND RASTER CHARTS UNAPPROVED ELECTRONIC CHART DATA PUBLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH CHARTS RELATIONSHIP OF ECDIS WITH RADAR AND ARPA/ATA AUTOMATIC IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM (AIS) ORGANIZATION OF AIS TRANSMISSIONS AIS UNITS AND BRIDGE DISPLAYS CARRIAGE AND TRANSMISSION OF AIS COVERAGE BY SHORE STATIONS OTHER APPLICATIONS OF AIS RADAR AND AIS COMPARISON INTEGRATED SYSTEMS INTEGRATED BRIDGE SYSTEMS (IBS) INTEGRATED NAVIGATION SYSTEMS (INS) TYPICAL SYSTEMS THAT MAY BE INTEGRATED CONNECTIVITY ADVANTAGES OF INTEGRATION POTENTIAL DANGERS OF DATA OVERLOAD SYSTEM CROSS-CHECKING, WARNINGS AND ALARMS SENSOR ERRORS AND ACCURACY OF INTEGRATION DATA MONITORING AND LOGGINGS VOYAGE DATA RECORDERS (VDRS) EQUIPMENT NON-RADAR DATA RECORDED RADAR AND ARPA/ATA DATA RECORDED PLAYBACK EQUIPMENT FUTURE OF VOYAGE DATA RECORDERS 11 EXTRACTS FROM OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS EXTRACTS FROM REGULATION 19, CHAPTER V, SAFETY OF NAVIGATION, OF THE IMO-SOLAS CONVENTION IMO PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR RADAR AND AUTOMATIC PLOTTING AIDS EXTRACTS FROM IMO RESOLUTION MSC 192(79), PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR RADAR EQUIPMENT FOR NEW SHIPS CONSTRUCTED AFTER 1 JULY EXTRACTS FROM IMO RESOLUTION MSC 191(79) PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR THE PRESENTATION OF NAVIGATION-RELATED INFORMATION ON SHIPBORNE NAVIGATIONAL DISPLAYS FOR NEW SHIPS CONSTRUCTED AFTER EXTRACTS FROM IMO SN/CIRC 243 GUIDELINES FOR THE PRESENTATION OF NAVIGATION-RELATED SYMBOLS, TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS EXTRACT FROM IMO RESOLUTION A615(15) MARINE USES OF RADAR BEACONS AND TRANSPONDERS EXTRACT FROM IMO RESOLUTION A802(19) PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR SURVIVAL CRAFT RADAR TRANSPONDERS FOR USE IN SEARCH AND RESCUE OPERATIONS EXTRACT FROM IMO RESOLUTION A384(X) PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR RADAR REFLECTORS IMO PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR OTHER RELATED EQUIPMENT EXTRACT FROM IMO RESOLUTION MSC 112(73) PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR SHIPBORNE GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) RECEIVER EQUIPMENT VALID FOR EQUIPMENT INSTALLED ON OR AFTER 1ST JULY EXTRACT FROM IMO RESOLUTION A817(19) PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR ELECTRONIC CHART DISPLAY AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS (ECDIS) VALID FOR EQUIPMENT INSTALLED ON OR AFTER 1ST JANUARY EXTRACT FROM IMO RESOLUTION 74(69) PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR A UNIVERSAL SHIPBORNE AUTOMATIC IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM (AIS) EXTRACT FROM IMO RESOLUTION MSC 64(67) PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR INTEGRATED BRIDGE SYSTEMS (IBS)