HANDBOOK OF MICROWAVE TECHNOLOGY: COMPONENTS AND DEVICES
1 Microstrip Antennas: Theory, Principles and Review of Literature 1 ANKAN BHATTACHARYA 11 Introduction 1 12 Microstrip Patch Antenna Design 2 13 Feeding Techniques 3 14 Models of Analysis of Microstrip Antennas 3 15 Other Popular Analytical Models 7 16 Review of the Literature 7 161 Introduction 7 162 Mathematical Approaches in Antenna Design 8 163 Efforts in Resonant Frequency Determination 8 164 Bandwidth Enlargement Techniques 8 165 Monopole Antennas with Improved Frequency Response 9 166 Novel Feeding Techniques for Bandwidth Improvement 10 167 Coplanar Waveguide Technique for Bandwidth Improvement 10 168 Application of Fractal Geometries in Designing Antennas 11 169 Selection of a Suitable Substrate for Frequency Response Optimization 11 2 The Role of Microstrip Antennas in Microwave Engineering and Research 18 BARUN MAZUMDAR AND ASHIS DE 21 Introduction 18 22 Literature Survey 18 23 Antenna Design Formula 19 24 IE3D (Integral Equation Three-Dimensional) Software 20 241 HFSS Software (High-Frequency Structure Simulator) 21 25 Antenna Configuration 21 251 Patch Antenna with L-slot 21 252 Patch Antenna with T-slot 23 253 Patch Antenna with H-slot 26 254 Patch Antenna with U-slot 27 26 Conclusion 29 3 Recent Developments in Low-Cost Manufacturing Antennas and Their Challenges 32 S KANNADHASAN, R NAGARAJAN, C JISHA CHANDRA, AND G SRIVIDHYA 31 Introduction 32 32 Low-Cost Antenna Manufacturing 36 33 Challenges in Low-Cost Antennas 39 34 Conclusion 42 4 Design and Performance Analysis of a Miniaturized UWB Monopole Antenna with Embedded Octagonal Slot and DGS for Various Wireless Applications 45 APARNA PANJA, ARNAB DE, KOYNDRIK BHATTACHARJEE, PARTHA PRATIM SARKAR, AND ANUP KUMAR BHATTACHARJEE 41 Introduction 45 42 Literature Survey 47 43 Antenna Design 50 44 Results and Discussions 53 45 Parametric Analysis 59 451 Impact of Different Ground Plane Lengths 59 452 Effect of the Substrate’s Various Thicknesses 60 453 Effects on the Ideal Ground of Various Ground Center Slot Shapes 60 454 Effect of the Different Substrate Type 61 46 Measurement and Fabrication 62 47 Conclusion 64 5 A Printed Array of Nature-Inspired Antennas for IoT and Future 5G Applications 70 KALYAN SUNDAR KOLA AND ANIRBAN CHATTERJEE 51 Introduction 70 52 The Sole Radiator 72 521 Contour Length Computation 74 522 Analysis of Time-Domain Parameters 75 53 Proposed Array 76 531 Construction of the Feed Topology 76 532 Construction of Array Geometry 77 54 Results and Discussion 79 55 Conclusion 82 6 Optimization Algorithms for Reconfigurable Antenna Design: A Review 85 K KARTHIKA, K ANUSHA, K KAVITHA, AND D MOHANA GEETHA 61 Introduction 85 62 Evolutionary Algorithms 87 621 Genetic Algorithm 87 622 Differential Evolution 89 623 Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy 91 63 Swarm Intelligence-Based Algorithm 92 631 Particle Swarm Optimization 92 632 Grey Wolf Optimizer 95 64 Conclusion 101 7 Review on Wearable Antennas for IoT, Healthcare, and High-End Applications 104 VAIBHAV SAINI, PRAFUL RANJAN, AND AYUSHI JAIN 71 Introduction 104 72 Wearable Antenna Types 104 721 Traditional Wearable Designs 104 722 Textile Design Antenna 106 73 Creating and Designing of Wearable Antennas 106 731 Conductive Substance 106 732 Fabrication Method 107 74 Analysis Required for Wearable Antennas 107 741 SAR Modelling 107 742 Measurement with Different Bending 108 743 On-Body Measurements 108 744 Significance 108 75 Application of Wearable Antennas 108 751 Healthcare 108 752 Sports and Fitness 109 753 Internet of Things 110 76 Conclusion and Future Scope 112 8 A Review of Design Challenges of Metamaterial-Inspired Body-Worn Antennas 115 MOUMITA BOSE, APARNA KUNDU, ABHISHEK SARKHEL, AND UJJAL CHAKRABORTY 81 Introduction 115 82 Metamaterial-Inspired Dual Wideband Wearable Antenna for Wireless Applications 116 821 A Novel Wearable Metamaterial Fractal Antenna for Wireless Applications 120 822 Radiation Pattern Reconfigurable Wearable Antenna Based on Metamaterial Structure 124 823 Compact All-Textile, Dual-Band Antenna Loaded with Metamaterial-Inspired Structure 125 824 A Compact Triple-Band Metamaterial-Inspired Antenna for Wearable Applications 128 825 Metamaterial-Embedded Wearable Rectangular Microstrip-Patch Antenna 132 826 Metasurface-Enabled Hepta-Band Compact Antenna for Wearable Applications 133 827 An Ultra-Wideband, Low-SAR, Flexible, Metasurface-Enabled Antenna for WBAN Applications 135 83 Summary 137 9 An Efficient Wearable Antenna Deploying Different Geometry for Wireless Capsule Endoscopy 145 VANITHA RANI RENTAPALLI AND BAPPADITTYA ROY 91 Introduction 145 92 Capsule Antenna Design 147 921 Working Principle 149 922 Effects of the Slot on the Antenna 150 93 Wearable Antenna Design 150 94 Simulation Results 153 95 Design Challenges 156 96 Conclusion 157 10 Wearable MIMO Antenna with High Port Isolation for e-Health Monitoring Applications 164 ASHIM KUMAR BISWAS, KOUSHIK ROY, VICKY KUMAR, BISWARUP NEOGI, AND UJJAL CHAKRABORTY 101 Introduction 164 102 Architecture and Design of Antenna 166 103 Discussion of Results 167 104 Discussion of MIMO Parameters of the Final Antenna 169 105 Conclusion 172 11 Development of Multiport MIMO Antenna for C-Band Frequency Application in Wireless Communication 175 KRANTI D PATIL AND DM YADAV 111 Introduction 175 112 Structural Layout of Proposed Antenna 177 113 Geometry of Two-Port MIMO Antenna 178 114 Results and Discussion of Proposed MIMO Antenna 180 1141 S11 (dB) and S12 (dB) 180 1142 Distribution of Surface Current (A/m) for the Proposed MIMO Antenna 181 1143 Gain (Measured in dBi) and Efficiency (Measured in Percent) in Relation to Frequency (GHz) 182 115 Conclusion 183 12 Harmonic Suppression Triple-Band U-Slot Antenna for GPS/WLAN/5G Applications 185 J RAJESHWAR GOUD, N V KOTESWARA RAO, AND A MALLIKARJUNA PRASAD 121 Introduction 185 122 Antenna Design and Analysis 186 1221 Antenna Configuration 186 1222 Design and Analysis of Resonance Frequencies 191 1223 Parametric Study of Patch and Slot Dimensions 193 123 Results and Discussion 195 124 Conclusion 197 13 Mutual Coupling Reduction in a Patch Antenna Array Using a Microstrip Resonator for Wireless Communication System Applications 201 SANTIMOY MANDAL AND CHANDAN KUMAR GHOSH 131 Introduction 201 132 Antenna Design and Its Configuration 204 133 Simulation and Measurement Results 205 134 Conclusion 207 14 Filter Synthesis–Based Compact Dual-Band Filtenna for C-Band Applications 213 PRAVESH PAL, RASHMI SINHA, RANJEET KUMAR, PRAVEEN KUMAR, AND SANTOSH KUMAR MAHTO 141 Introduction 213 142 Filter Synthesis 214 143 Filtenna Design 217 144 Results and Discussion 220 145 Conclusion 224 15 Reviews on Electromagnetic Interference/Compatibilities 226 HIMADRI SEKHAR DAS, SANTANU MISHRA, GOURISANKAR ROY MAHAPATRA, AND TAKASHIRO AKITSU 151 Introduction 226 1511 Fundamentals of EMI 227 1512 What Causes Electromagnetic Interference? 228 152 Types of Electromagnetic Interference 228 1521 Manmade EMI 228 1522 Natural EMI 229 1523 Narrowband EMI 229 1524 Broadband EMI 229 1525 Radiated EMI 230 1526 Conducted EMI 230 1527 Coupled EMI 231 153 Elimination Methods of EMI 232 1531 Shielding 233 1532 Filtering 235 1533 Ground 235 1534 Transmission Mode 235 154 Measuring Methods for EMI 239 1541 Emission Testing 240 1542 Radiated Emission Testing 240 1543 Conducted Emission Testing 240 1544 Immunity Testing 241 155 Conclusion 242 16 Application of a Frequency Selective Surface in the Modern Medical Field 245 M SHOBANA AND S RAGHAVAN 161 Introduction 245 162 Theoretical Perspective: How Does FSS Transmit or Block Incoming Waves? 246 163 Simulation and Measurement 249 164 Significance of FSS on Antennas 249 165 Application of FSS in the Medical Field 249 1651 Enhancing the Performance of the ISM Antenna 249 1652 EM Absorber 251 1653 FSS for Biomedical Sensing 251 1654 Dosimeter Tag 253 1655 Wearable Medical Devices 256 1656 Mobile Body Area Network 256 1657 MRI 257 1658 Concentrating EM Energy into Target Tissue 259 166 Future Improvements 261 167 Conclusion 261 17 Scattering Matrices and Their Applications in Microwave Engineering 266 SHIPRA BHATIA AND MANOJ SARKAR 171 Introduction 266 172 Quantifying and Analyzing the Input Signal and Power Flow 267 173 Origin of Scattering Parameters from the Transmission Line 269 174 Terms Related to Any Network 270 175 S-Matrix Determined from Z- and Y-Matrix 271 176 Properties of S-Parameters 272 177 Scattering Matrices of Microwave Components 274 178 Measurement of Scattering Parameters 277 179 Signal Flow Graph 278 1791 The Flow Graph Representation for Different Conditions 283 1710 Conclusions 284 18 A Feasibility Study for Biomedical Applications via Microwave Imaging 287 SWEETY JAIN 181 Introduction 287 182 Dielectric Properties of Human Tissues 288 183 Design and Analysis of Antenna Performance 289 1831 Antenna Design 289 1832 Performance of Antenna 290 184 Conclusion 293 19 Review of Current Advancements in Microwave UWB Filter 297 PARTHA PROTIM KALITA, AKASH BURAGOHAIN, YATISH BERIA, AND GOUREE SHANKAR DAS 191 Introduction 297 192 UWB Technology 298 193 Advantages 298 194 Disadvantages 299 195 Applications 299 196 UWB Filter 300 197 Performance Analysis of UWB Filters 301 198 Different Techniques to Develop UWB Filters 302 199 Review of Previous Works in UWB Filters 304 1910 UWB Filter Cascading a Low-Pass and High-Pass Filter 305 1911 MMR for Designing a UWB Filter with Multiple Notches 307 1912 Ring Resonator with Quad T Stub-Loaded Structure 308 1913 Square Ring Resonator with Extended Stop Band 308 1914 UWB Filter Implementing a Defected Ground Structure 309 1915 A Triple-Notched Band UWB Filter 310 1916 Conclusion and Future Scope 311 20 Design of Broadband Planar Couplers Using an Existing Filter Design Approach 316 PRATIK MONDAL, ANUMOY GHOSH, AND TAPAN MANDAL 201 Introduction 316 202 Operation Principle of Forward-Wave Directional Coupler 318 203 Basics of Asymmetrical Directional Couplers 320 204 Design of a Forward-Wave Directional Coupler Using MMR 320 2041 Design Equations of Asymmetric Coupled Sections 321 2042 10 dB Forward-Wave Directional Coupler Using MMR 326 205 MMR-Based Broadband Six-Port Coupler 331 206 Conclusion 336 21 Sensing of Trapped Survivors Using IR-UWB Radar 339 AMIT SARKAR AND DEBALINA GHOSH 211 Introduction 339 212 Motivation 340 213 Current Technologies Used 341 214 Importance of Radar 341 215 Radar-Rubble-Target Model 342 2151 Different Types of UWB Radar 342 2152 Detailed Description of Rubble 343 2153 Human Target Model 344 216 Human Vital Signs Mathematical Model 344 217 Methodology 346 2171 Raw Data Preprocessing Stage 346 218 Buried Human Location and Vital Signs Estimation Stage 347 219 Experimental Setup 347 2110 Artificial Breathing Simulator 349 2111 Live Human Subjects 350 21111 No Obstruction between Radar and Target 350 21112 Planar-Wall Obstruction between Radar and Target 351 21113 Complex Rubble Obstruction between Radar and Target 352 2112 Results and Discussion 354 21121 Estimation of Breathing Simulator Frequency 354 2113 Estimation of Human Target Location and Vital Signs 355 21131 Single Human Target Per Range 355 2114 Multiple Targets Per Range 356 2115 Correlation Analysis 358 21151 Single-Target Range Error 358 21152 Multitarget Range Error 358 21153 Target Heartbeat Signal Accuracy 359 21154 Target Breathing Signal Accuracy 360 2116 Conclusion 360 22 Employment of Antennas in Biomedical Applications: A Review 365 KRISHANU KUNDU AND NARENDRA NATH PATHAK 221 Introduction 365 222 Design Requirements of Bio-implantable Antennas 367 223 Concept Behind Usage of Bio-implantable Antennas for Tumour Detection 368 224 Conclusion 370