RF COMPONENTS AND CIRCUITS
PART 1 INTRODUCTION 1 INTRODUCTION TO RADIO FREQUENCIES WHAT ARE THE ’RADIO FREQUENCIES’? WHY ARE RADIO FREQUENCIES DIFFERENT? WHAT THIS BOOK COVERS 2 SIGNALS AND NOISE TYPES OF SIGNALS STATIC AND QUASISTATIC SIGNALS PERIODIC SIGNALS REPETITIVE SIGNALS TRANSIENT SIGNALS AND PULSE SIGNALS FOURIER SERIES WAVEFORM SYMMETRY TRANSIENT SIGNALS SAMPLED SIGNALS NOISE SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO (SNR OR SN) NOISE FACTOR, NOISE FIGURE AND NOISE TEMPERATURE NOISE FACTOR (FN) NOISE FIGURE (NF) NOISE TEMPERATURE ( TE) NOISE IN CASCADE AMPLIFIERS NOISE REDUCTION STRATEGIES NOISE REDUCTION BY SIGNAL AVERAGING EXAMPLE 3 RADIO RECEIVERS SIGNALS, NOISE AND RECEPTION THE RECEPTION PROBLEM STRATEGIES RADIO RECEIVER SPECIFICATIONS ORIGINS HETERODYNING FRONT-END CIRCUITS INTERMEDIATE FREQUENCY (IF) AMPLIFIER DETECTOR AUDIO AMPLIFIERS RECEIVER PERFORMANCE FACTORS UNITS OF MEASURE INPUT SIGNAL VOLTAGE DBM DBMV RECEIVER NOISE FLOOR STATIC MEASURES OF RECEIVER PERFORMANCE SENSITIVITY SELECTIVITY FRONT-END BANDWIDTH IMAGE REJECTION 1ST IF REJECTION IF BANDWIDTH IF PASSBAND SHAPE FACTOR DISTANT FREQUENCY (’ULTIMATE’) REJECTION STABILITY AGC RANGE AND THRESHOLD DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE INTERMODULATION PRODUCTS 1 DB COMPRESSION POINT THIRD-ORDER INTERCEPT POINT DYNAMIC RANGE BLOCKING CROSS-MODULATION RECIPROCAL MIXING IF NOTCH REJECTION INTERNAL SPURII PART 2 CIRCUITS 4 RF AMPLIFIERS NOISE AND PRESELECTORS/PREAMPLIFIERS AMPLIFIER CONFIGURATIONS TRANSISTOR GAIN CLASSIFICATION BY COMMON ELEMENT COMMON EMITTER CIRCUITS COMMON COLLECTOR CIRCUITS COMMON BASE CIRCUITS TRANSISTOR BIASING COLLECTOR-TO-BASE BIAS EMITTER BIAS OR ?SELF-BIASÌ FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS JFET AND MOSFET CONNECTIONS JFET PRESELECTOR VHF RECEIVER PRESELECTOR MOSFET PRESELECTOR VOLTAGE-TUNED RECEIVER PRESELECTOR BROADBAND RF PREAMPLIFIER FOR VLF, LF AND AM BCB PUSH-PULL RF AMPLIFIERS TYPES OF PUSH-PULL RF AMPLIFIERS ACTUAL CIRCUIT DETAILS BROADBAND RF AMPLIFIER (50 OHM INPUT AND OUTPUT) SIMPLE DIODE MIXER THE QUESTION OF ?BALANCEÌ UNBALANCED MIXERS SINGLE BALANCED MIXERS DOUBLE BALANCED MIXERS SPURIOUS RESPONSES IMAGE HALF IF IF FEEDTHROUGH HIGH-ORDER SPURS LO HARMONIC SPURS LO NOISE SPURS MIXER DISTORTION PRODUCTS CALCULATING INTERCEPT POINTS MIXER LOSSES NOISE FIGURE NOISE BALANCE SINGLE-ENDED ACTIVE MIXER CIRCUITS BALANCED ACTIVE MIXERS GILBERT CELL MIXERS PASSIVE DOUBLE-BALANCED MIXERS DIPLEXERS BANDPASS DIPLEXERS VHF/UHF MICROWAVE MIXER CIRCUITS 6 OSCILLATORS FEEDBACK OSCILLATORS GENERAL TYPES OF RF OSCILLATOR CIRCUITS PIEZOELECTRIC CRYSTALS PIEZOELECTRICITY EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT CRYSTAL PACKAGING TEMPERATURE PERFORMANCE ROOM TEMPERATURE CRYSTAL OSCILLATORS TEMPERATURE-COMPENSATED CRYSTAL OSCILLATORS OVEN-CONTROLLED CRYSTAL OSCILLATORS SHORT-TERM STABILITY LONG-TERM STABILITY MILLER OSCILLATORS PIERCE OSCILLATORS BUTLER OSCILLATORS COLPITTS OSCILLATORS OVERTONE OSCILLATORS FREQUENCY STABILITY TEMPERATURE THERMAL ISOLATION AVOID SELF-HEATING OTHER STABILITY CRITERIA USE LOW FREQUENCIES FEEDBACK LEVEL OUTPUT ISOLATION DC POWER SUPPLY VIBRATION ISOLATION COIL CORE SELECTION COIL-CORE PROCESSING AIR CORE COILS CAPACITOR SELECTION TEMPCO CIRCUIT VARACTORS FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZERS REFERENCE SECTION FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER SECTION OUTPUT SECTION AUTOMATIC LEVEL CONTROL (ALC) 7 IF AMPLIFIERS AND FILTERS IF FILTERS: GENERAL FILTER THEORY LÒ C IF FILTERS CRYSTAL FILTERS CRYSTAL LADDER FILTERS MONOLITHIC CERAMIC CRYSTAL FILTERS MECHANICAL FILTERS SAW FILTERS FILTER SWITCHING IN IF AMPLIFIERS AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS CASCODE PAIR AMPLIFIER ?UNIVERSAL’ IF AMPLIFIER COUPLING TO BLOCK FILTERS MORE IC IF AMPLIFIERS MC-1590 CIRCUIT SL560C CIRCUITS FM IF AMPLIFIER SUCCESSIVE DETECTION LOGARITHMIC AMPLIFIERS AM NOISE SYNCHRONOUS AM DEMODULATION DOUBLE SIDEBAND (DSBSC) AND SINGLE SIDEBAND (SSBSC) SUPPRESSED CARRIER DEMODULATORS PHASING METHOD FM AND PM DEMODULATOR CIRCUITS FOSTERÒ SEELEY DISCRIMINATOR RATIO DETECTOR PHASE-LOCKED LOOP FM/PM DETECTORS QUADRATURE DETECTOR PART 3 COMPONENTS 9 CAPACITORS UNITS OF CAPACITANCE BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE CIRCUIT SYMBOLS FOR CAPACITORS FIXED CAPACITORS PAPER DIELECTRIC CAPACITORS MYLAR DIELECTRIC CAPACITORS CERAMIC DIELECTRIC CAPACITORS MICA DIELECTRIC CAPACITORS OTHER CAPACITORS VARIABLE CAPACITORS AIR VARIABLE MAIN TUNING CAPACITORS CAPACITOR TUNING LAWS Ò SLC-VS-SLF SPECIAL VARIABLE CAPACITORS SPLIT STATOR CAPACITORS DIFFERENTIAL CAPACITORS ?TRANSMITTINGÌ VARIABLE CAPACITORS VARIABLE CAPACITOR CLEANING NOTE USING AND STABILIZING A VARACTOR DIODE VARACTOR TUNING CIRCUITS VARACTOR APPLICATIONS 10 INDUCTORS C INDUCTOR CIRCUIT SYMBOLS C INDUCTANCE AND INDUCTORS INDUCTANCE OF A SINGLE STRAIGHT WIRE COMBINING TWO OR MORE INDUCTORS AIR-CORE INDUCTORS SOLENOID WOUND AIR-CORE INDUCTORS ADJUSTABLE COILS WINDING YOUR OWN COILS AMIDON ASSOCIATES COIL SYSTEM USING FERRITE AND POWDERED IRON CORES MATERIALS USED IN CORES POWDERED IRON FERRITE MATERIALS MAKING THE CALCULATIONS TOROID CORES INDUCTORS AND TRANSFORMERS BROADBAND RF TRANSFORMERS WINDING TOROID CORES COUNTING TURNS WINDING STYLES STABILIZING THE WINDINGS MOUNTING TOROIDS MOUNTING MULTIPLE COILS SPECIAL MOUNTING METHODS HIGH-POWER TRANSFORMERS BINOCULAR CORES TURNS COUNTING ON BINOCULAR CORES WINDING STYLES ON BINOCULAR CORES WINDING A BINOCULAR CORE FERRITE RODS BOBBING ALONG WITH A BOBBIN FERRITE BEADS MOUNTING FERRITE BEADS 11 TUNING AND MATCHING VECTORS FOR RF CIRCUITS LÒ C RESONANT TANK CIRCUITS SERIES RESONANT CIRCUITS PARALLEL RESONANT CIRCUITS TUNED RF/IF TRANSFORMERS CONSTRUCTION OF RF/IF TRANSFORMERS BANDWIDTH OF RF/IF TRANSFORMERS CHOOSING COMPONENT VALUES FOR L– C RESONANT TANK CIRCUITS THE TRACKING PROBLEM THE RF AMPLIFIER/ANTENNA TUNER PROBLEM THE LOCAL OSCILLATOR (LO) PROBLEM TRIMMER CAPACITOR METHOD IMPEDANCE MATCHING IN RF CIRCUITS TRANSFORMER MATCHING RESONANT TRANSFORMERS RESONANT NETWORKS INVERSE-L NETWORK NETWORK SPLIT-CAPACITOR NETWORK TRANSISTOR-TO-TRANSISTOR IMPEDANCE MATCHING 12 SPLITTERS AND HYBRIDS RF POWER COMBINERS AND SPLITTERS CHARACTERISTICS OF SPLITTER/COMBINER CIRCUITS RESISTIVE SPLITTER/COMBINER TRANSFORMER SPLITTER/COMBINER HOW IT WORKS MISMATCH LOSSES MODIFIED VSWR BRIDGE SPLITTER/COMBINER 90 DEGREE SPLITTER/COMBINER TRANSMISSION LINE SPLITTER/COMBINERS 90 DEGREE TRANSMISSION LINE SPLITTER/COMBINER HYBRID RING ?RAT-RACEÌ NETWORK RF HYBRID COUPLERS APPLICATIONS OF HYBRIDS COMBINING SIGNAL SOURCES BI-DIRECTIONAL AMPLIFIERS TRANSMITTER/RECEIVER ISOLATION QUADRATURE HYBRIDS RF DIRECTIONAL COUPLERS CONCLUSION INTERNAL CIRCUITRY BASIC AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT OTHER MAR-X CIRCUITS MULTIPLE DEVICE CIRCUITS MAST-MOUNTED WIDEBAND PREAMPLIFIER BROADBAND HF AMPLIFIER PART 4 MEASUREMENT AND TECHNIQUES 14 MEASURING INDUCTORS AND CAPACITORS XC VSWR METHOD XC VOLTAGE DIVIDER METHOD SIGNAL GENERATOR METHOD FREQUENCY SHIFTED OSCILLATOR METHOD USING RF BRIDGES MAXWELL BRIDGE