INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION ELECTRONIC WARFARE SYSTEMS
CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 COMMUNICATION ELECTRONIC WARFARE SYSTEMS 11 INTRODUCTION 12 INFORMATION WARFARE 13 ELECTRONIC WARFARE 131 ELECTRONIC SUPPORT 132 ELECTRONIC ATTACK 133 ELECTRONIC PROTECT 14 ELECTRONIC SUPPORT 141 LOW PROBABILITY OF DETECTION/INTERCEPTION/EXPLOITATION 142 FUTURE COMMUNICATION ENVIRONMENTS 143 WIRED COMMUNICATIONS 144 ES SUMMARY 15 ELECTRONIC ATTACK 151 EA SUMMARY 16 TYPICAL EW SYSTEM CONFIGURATION 161 SYSTEM CONTROL 162 ANTENNAS 163 SIGNAL DISTRIBUTION 164 SEARCH RECEIVER 165 SET-ON RECEIVER 166 SIGNAL PROCESSING 167 DIRECTION-FINDING SIGNAL PROCESSING 168 EXCITER 169 POWER AMPLIFIER 1610 FILTERS 1611 COMMUNICATIONS 17 CONCLUDING REMARKS REFERENCES CHAPTER 2 ELECTROMAGNETIC SIGNAL PROPAGATION 21 INTRODUCTION 22 SIGNAL PROPAGATION 23 RF BAND DESIGNATIONS 24 POLARIZATION 25 POWER DENSITY 26 FREE-SPACE PROPAGATION 27 DIRECT WAVE 28 WAVE DIFFRACTION 29 REFLECTED WAVES 210 SURFACE WAVE 211 DUCTING 212 METEOR BURST 213 SCATTERING 214 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MOBILE VHF CHANNEL 215 PROPAGATION VIA THE IONOSPHERE 2151 IONOSPHERIC LAYERS 2152 REFRACTION 2153 NEAR-VERTICAL INCIDENCE SKY WAVE 2154 HF FADING 2155 MAXIMUM USABLE FREQUENCY AND LOWEST USABLE FREQUENCY 2156 AUTOMATIC LINK ESTABLISHMENT 216 CONCLUDING REMARKS CHAPTER 3 NOISE AND INTERFERENCE 31 INTRODUCTION 32 THERMAL NOISE 33 INTERNAL NOISE SOURCES 34 EXTERNAL NOISE SOURCES 35 COCHANNEL AND MULTIPATH INTERFERENCE 36 CONCLUDING REMARKS CHAPTER 4 RADIO COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES 41 INTRODUCTION 42 MODULATION 421 AMPLITUDE MODULATION 422 ANGLE MODULATION 423 ORTHOGONAL SIGNALING 424 ACCESS METHODS 425 DUPLEXING 426 DIGITAL SIGNALING 427 SPREAD SPECTRUM 43 CODING OF COMMUNICATION SIGNALS 431 SOURCE CODING FOR DATA COMPRESSION 432 CHANNEL CODING FOR ERROR CONTROL 44 MODEMS 45 FACSIMILE 46 COMMUNICATION SECURITY 461 DATA ENCRYPTION 462 PUBLIC KEY ENCRYPTION 463 DIGITAL SIGNATURES 464 DATA ENCRYPTION STANDARD 465 PRETTY GOOD PRIVACY 466 FORTEZZA ENCRYPTION SYSTEM 467 ESCROW ENCRYPTION SYSTEM 468 OVER-THE-AIR REKEYING 47 CONCLUDING REMARKS CHAPTER 5 SYSTEM ENGINEERING 51 INTRODUCTION 52 SYSTEM ENGINEERING 521 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS 522 ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS 523 RELIABILITY AND AVAILABILITY 524 HUMAN-FACTORS ENGINEERING 525 SYSTEM COST 53 CONCLUDING REMARKS CHAPTER 6 ELECTRONIC SUPPORT 61 INTRODUCTION 62 INTERCEPT 621 INTERNALS VERSUS EXTERNALS 622 PROPAGATION LOSS 63 GEOLOCATION 64 TRIANGULATION WITH MULTIPLE BEARINGS 65 DEPLOYMENT CONSIDERATIONS 66 ELECTRONIC MAPPING 67 COMMON OPERATIONAL PICTURE 68 OPERATIONAL INTEGRATION WITH OTHER DISCIPLINES 69 SUPPORT TO TARGETING 610 CONCLUDING REMARKS CHAPTER 7 ELECTRONIC ATTACK 71 INTRODUCTION 72 COMMUNICATION JAMMING 73 JAMMER DEPLOYMENT 74 LOOK-THROUGH 75 ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS 76 DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS 77 NARROWBAND/PARTIAL-BAND JAMMING 78 BARRAGE JAMMING 79 JAMMING LPI TARGETS 710 FOLLOWER JAMMER 711 CONCLUDING REMARKS CHAPTER 8 ANTENNAS 81 INTRODUCTION 82 ISOTROPIC ANTENNA 83 ANTENNA GAIN 84 WIRE ANTENNAS 841 DIPOLE 842 MONOPOLE 843 LOOP 844 BICONICAL/DISCONE 845 YAGI 846 LOG PERIODIC 847 HELIX ANTENNAS 848 SPIRAL ANTENNAS 85 ACTIVE ANTENNAS 86 APERTURE ANTENNAS 861 PARABOLIC DISH 862 ANTENNA ARRAYS 87 GENETICALLY DESIGNED ANTENNAS 88 MORE ON ANTENNA GAIN 89 CONCLUDING REMARKS CHAPTER 9 RECEIVERS 91 INTRODUCTION 92 RECEIVERS 921 RF AMPLIFICATION AND FILTERING 922 SENSITIVITY 923 DYNAMIC RANGE 924 MIXING/FREQUENCY CONVERSION 925 INTERMEDIATE FREQUENCY FILTERING AND AMPLIFICATION 926 DETECTION/DEMODULATION 93 TYPES OF RECEIVERS 931 NARROWBAND RECEIVERS 932 WIDEBAND RECEIVERS 94 CONCLUDING REMARKS CHAPTER 10 SIGNAL PROCESSING 101 INTRODUCTION 102 ORTHOGONAL FUNCTIONS 103 TRANSFORMS 1031 TRIGONOMETRIC TRANSFORMS 1032 HAAR TRANSFORM 1033 WAVELET TRANSFORMS 1034 FAST TRANSFORMS 104 CYCLOSTATIONARY SIGNAL PROCESSING 105 HIGHER-ORDER STATISTICS 106 APPLICATIONS 1061 SIGNAL DETECTION 1062 SIGNAL CLASSIFICATION 1063 RECOGNITION/IDENTIFICATION 108 CONCLUDING REMARKS CHAPTER 11 DIRECTION-FINDING POSITION-FIXING TECHNIQUES 111 INTRODUCTION 112 BEARING ESTIMATION 1121 CIRCULAR ANTENNA ARRAY 1122 INTERFEROMETRY 1123 MONOPULSE DIRECTION FINDER 1124 AMPLITUDE DIRECTION FINDING 1125 DOPPLER DIRECTION FINDER 1126 ARRAY-PROCESSING BEARING ESTIMATION 1127 LINE-OF-BEARING OPTIMIZATION 113 POSITION-FIXING ALGORITHMS 1131 ELIMINATING WILD BEARINGS 1132 STANSFIELD FIX ALGORITHM 1133 MEAN-SQUARED DISTANCE ALGORITHM 1134 COMBINING ERROR CONTOURS 114 SINGLE-SITE LOCATION TECHNIQUES 115 FIX ACCURACY 116 FIX COVERAGE 117 CONCLUDING REMARKS CHAPTER 12 HYPERBOLIC POSITION-FIXING TECHNIQUES 121 INTRODUCTION 122 TIME DIFFERENCE OF ARRIVAL 123 DIFFERENTIAL DOPPLER 124 CROSS AMBIGUITY FUNCTION PROCESSING 1241 POSITION FIX ACCURACY 125 TIME OF ARRIVAL 126 CONCLUDING REMARKS CHAPTER 13 EXCITERS AND POWER AMPLIFIERS 131 INTRODUCTION 132 EXCITERS 1321 OSCILLATORS 1322 SYNTHESIZER 1323 MODULATOR 133 POWER AMPLIFIERS 1331 AMPLIFIER OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS 1332 EFFICIENCY 1333 PUSH-PULL ARCHITECTURE 1334 CLASSES OF AMPLIFIERS 1335 SWITCHING ARCHITECTURES 1336 AMPLIFIER LINEARIZATION 1337 BASIC POWER MODULES 1338 COMBINERS 1339 OUTPUT FILTERS 13310 NOISE-POWER RATIO 134 CONCLUDING REMARKS CHAPTER 14 EARLY-ENTRY ORGANIC ELECTRONIC SUPPORT 141 INTRODUCTION 142 TARGET MODEL 143 INTERCEPT SYSTEM MODEL 144 SIMULATION RESULTS 1441 PERFORMANCE VERSUS THE NUMBER OF TARGET NETS 1442 SEARCH BANDWIDTH 1443 NOISE FACTOR 1444 POSTPROCESSING TIME 1445 MISSION DURATION 145 CONCLUDING REMARKS CHAPTER 15 DETECTION AND GEOLOCATION OF FREQUENCY-HOPPING COMMUNICATION EMITTERS 151 INTRODUCTION 152 ANALYSIS 153 SIMULATION 1531 ES SYSTEM OPERATION 1532 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 1533 DISCUSSION 154 CONCLUDING REMARKS CHAPTER 16 SIGNAL DETECTION RANGE 161 INTRODUCTION 162 NOISE LIMITS ON DETECTION RANGE 163 TARGETS 164 DETECTION RANGE WITH THE REFLECTION PROPAGATION MODEL 1641 AIRBORNE CONFIGURATIONS OF ES SYSTEMS 1642 GROUND-BASED DETECTION RANGES 1643 DISCUSSION 165 CONCLUDING REMARKS CHAPTER 17 ELECTRONIC ATTACK: UAV AND GROUND-BASED 171 INTRODUCTION 172 SIGNAL PROPAGATION AT LONG RANGES 173 JAMMING ERP 174 TARGETS 175 RLOS 176 UAV JAMMER 177 GROUND-BASED JAMMER 178 EXPENDABLE JAMMER 179 CONCLUDING REMARKS