ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 1 RECENT EVOLUTION OF PERSONAL COMMUNICATION DEVICES 1 2 EXAMPLES OF APPLICATIONS 1 3 FREQUENCY ALLOCATION FOR THE NEXT WIRELESS APPLICATIONS 1 4 COMMON REQUIREMENTS TO CURRENT HANDHELD DEVICES: OFDM MODULATIONS 1 5 LOW POWER RFIC DESIGN 1 5 1 CMOS TECHNOLOGY 1 5 2 LOW POWER DESIGN TECHNIQUES FOR ANALOG CIRCUITS POWER CONSIDERATIONS IN ANALOG RF CMOS CIRCUITS 2 1 SOURCES OF POWER DISSIPATION 2 1 1 DYNAMIC SWITCHING POWER 2 1 2 LEAKAGE CURRENT POWER 2 1 3 SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT POWER 2 1 4 STATIC BIASING POWER 2 2 LIMITS IN POWER DISSIPATION 2 2 1 FUNDAMENTAL LIMITS 2 2 2 PRACTICAL LIMITS 2 3 VDD DOWNSCALING 2 3 1 THRESHOLD VOLTAGE 2 3 2 SUB-THRESHOLD REGION 2 3 3 MOS TRANSISTOR SPEED AND BANDWIDTH 2 3 4 ANALOG SWITCHES 2 3 5 TRANSISTOR STACKING 2 3 6 DYNAMIC RANGE 2 3 7 POWER CONSUMPTION REFERENCES IMPACT OF ARCHITECTURE SELECTION ON RF FRONT-END POWER CONSUMPTION 3 1 FRONT-END CHALLENGES 3 1 1 IMAGE REJECTION 3 1 2 DC OFFSETS 3 1 3 I/Q MISMATCH 3 1 4 EVEN-ORDER DISTORTION 3 1 5 FLICKER (1/F) NOISE 3 1 6 SENSITIVITY AND NOISE FIGURE (NF) 3 1 7 LINEARITY 3 2 SUPERHETERODYNE ARCHITECTURE 3 3 DOUBLE CONVERSION ARCHITECTURE 3 4 IMAGE-REJECTION (HARTLEY, WEAVER) ARCHITECTURE 3 4 1 HARTLEY ARCHITECTURE 3 4 2 WEAVER ARCHITECTURE 3 5 DIRECT CONVERSION RECEIVER ARCHITECTURES 3 5 1 ZERO IF ARCHITECTURE 3 6 LOW IF ARCHITECTURE TECHNOLOGY STRUCTURAL ALTERNATIVES IN STANDARD CMOS TECHNOLOGIES FOR LOW-POWER ANALOG DESIGN 4 1 THRESHOLD VOLTAGE (VT) 4 1 1 MULTIPLE-THRESHOLD TRANSISTORS 4 1 2 VARIABLE-THRESHOLD TRANSISTORS 4 2 GATE LENGTH DOWNSALING 4 3 SILICON-ON-INSULATOR (SOI) 4 3 1 TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION 4 3 2 SOI TECHNOLOGY BENEFITS IN ANALOG CIRCUITS 4 3 3 SOI DESIGN ISSUES NOT PRESENT IN CMOS BULK 4 3 4 SOI AND IC DESIGN FOR RADIO FREQUENCY SCHEMATIC DESIGN TECHNIQUES FOR POWER SAVING IN RF 5 1 CURRENT REUSE 5 1 1 OPERATION PRINCIPLE 5 1 2 BASIC IMPLEMENTATIONS 5 2 MULTI-VDD 5 3 POWER GATING 5 4 MULTIPLE CHANNEL LENGTH 5 5 GATE BIASING 5 5 1 STRONG INVERSION 5 5 2 WEAK INVERSION 5 5 3 MODERATE INVERSION 5 5 4 MODERATE AND WEAK INVERSION BENEFITS RF AMPLIFIER DESIGN 6 1 BASIC STAGES FUNDAMENTALS 6 1 1 NMOS TRANSISTOR BASIC EXPRESSIONS 6 1 2 COMMON SOURCE CONFIGURATION 6 1 3 COMMON DRAIN CONFIGURATION 6 1 4 COMMON GATE CONFIGURATION 6 1 5 COMPARISON OF THE BASIC CONFIGURATIONS 6 2 AMPLIFIER TOPOLOGIES 6 2 1 CASCODED AMPLIFIER 6 2 2 TUNED LOAD: LC-TANK 6 2 3 ACTIVE LOAD 6 2 4 NEGATIVE FEEDBACK ESTRUCTURES 6 3 LNA LOW POWER DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 6 3 1 INDUCTIVE DEGENERATION 6 3 2 Q - PASSIVE DEVICES 6 3 3 TRANSISTOR POLARIZATION 6 3 4 CURRENT REUSE 6 3 5 IMPEDANCES MATCHING 6 3 6 CASCODE 6 4 LOW-POWER LNA DESIGN EXAMPLES 6 4 1 EXAMPLE 1: LOW-POWER LNA FOR DVB-T/H 6 4 2 EXAMPLE 2: LOW-POWER LNA FOR THE 5GHZ U-NII BAND MIXER DESIGN 7 1 MIXER FUNDAMENTALS 7 1 1 CONVERSION GAIN / LOSS 7 1 2 LINEARITY 7 1 3 NOISE FIGURE 7 1 4 IMPEDANCE MATCHING AND PORT ISOLATION 7 2 MIXER TOPOLOGIES 7 2 1 ACTIVE MIXERS 7 2 2 PASSIVE MIXERS 7 3 MIXER DESIGN CONSTRAINTS 7 3 1 GAIN 7 3 2 LINEARITY 7 3 3 NOISE 7 3 4 BANDWIDTH 7 3 5 IMPEDANCE MATCHING AND PORT ISOLATION CONSIDERATIONS 7 4 LOW-POWER MIXER DESIGN EXAMPLES 7 4 1 EXAMPLE 1: LOW-POWER LOW-NOISE MIXER FOR DVB-T/H 7 4 2 EXAMPLE 2: LOW-POWER MIXER FOR WLAN (5GHZ U-NII BAND) 7 4 3 EXAMPLE 3: VERY LOW-POWER PASSIVE MIXER FOR WLAN (5GHZ U-NII BAND) PHASE LOCKED LOOP (PLL) DESIGN 8 1 FREQUENCY SYNTHESIS FUNDAMENTALS 8 1 1 INTRODUCTION TO PLL 8 1 2 PLL ARCHITECTURES 8 2 PHASE-FREQUENCY DETECTOR (PFD) DESIGN CONSTRAINTS 8 2 1 MULTIPLIERS 8 2 2 EXCLUSIVE-OR LOGIC GATE AND FLIP-FLOPS 8 2 3 PFD/CP 8 3 VOLTAGE-CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR DESIGN CONSTRAINTS 8 3 1 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION 8 3 2 VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR DESIGN CONSTRAINTS 8 4 HIGH-FREQUENCY DIVIDER DESIGN CONSTRAINTS 8 4 1 FREQUENCY DIVIDERS BASIC IMPLEMENTATION 8 4 2 HIGH FREQUENCY DIVIDER ARCHITECTURES AND BUILDING BLOCKS 8 5 LOW-POWER DESIGN EXAMPLES 8 5 1 EXAMPLE 1: WIDEBAND VCO FOR DVB-H 8 5 2 EXAMPLE 2 HIGH FREQUENCYVCO 8 5 3 EXAMPLE 3: HIGH FREQUENCY DIVIDER AND DUAL-MODULUS PRESCALER FOR WLAN (5GHZ UNII BAND)