ELECTRIC TRAINS

By E. LURIU

CONTENTS 1 TELEGRAPHS, TRACK CIRCUITS AND SIGNALS BEFORE 1 INTRODUCTION 1 EVOLUTION OF THE BASIC SIGNALLING AND COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM 3 FIRST USE OF THE TRACK CIRCUIT 8 2 ELECTRIC RAILWAYS AND AMERICAN PRACTICE 11 THE PIONEER PERIOD 11 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND RAILWAY SYSTEMS 16 3 THE ELECTRI?CATION OF STREET RAILWAYS 23 THE WORK OF F J SPRAGUE 23 THE EXTENSION OF THE SPRAGUE SYSTEM 28 4 HEILMANN, WARD LEONARD AND THE ELECTRIC RAILWAY 35 INTRODUCTION 35 J J HEILMANN AND ELECTRIC RAILWAY TRACTION 35 THE ‘FUSÉE ELECTRIQUE’ OF 38 HEILMANN AND THE WARD LEONARD SYSTEM 45 5 ELECTRI?CATION OF BRITISH RAPID-TRANSIT LINES 51 ELECTRIC RAILWAYS AND THE POWER SUPPLY 51 ALTERNATING CURRENT POWER STATIONS AND TRANSMISSION 53 THE ELECTRI?CATION OF THE MERSEY RAILWAY 55 ECONOMIC BENE?TS OF ELECTRIFYING THE MERSEY RAILWAY 58 THE PROSPECTS FOR ELECTRIC TRACTION IN BRITAIN AFTER THE ELECTRI?CATION OF THE MERSEY RAILWAY 61 ELECTRI?CATION OF THE LONDON UNDERGROUND 64 THE IN?UENCE OF AMERICAN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 65 6 ELECTRI?CATION 1900–20 73 THE GREAT EASTERN RAILWAY AND THE LIVERPOOL STREET STATION EXPERIMENT 73 ELECTRIC RAPID-TRANSIT RAILWAYS AND GENERAL RAILWAY ELECTRI?CATION 77 LOCOMOTIVE WORKING 81 LVDC LINES AND MAIN LINE TRA?C 85 THE ELECTRIC RAILWAY AND INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINED TRACTION 92 7 TRACK CIRCUITS, DESCRIBERS AND ELECTRICAL SIGNALLING 1890–1920 95 INTRODUCTION 95 PIONEER SYSTEMS 96 AUTOMATIC SIGNALLING AND RELATED INNOVATIONS 98 MAIN LINE SIGNALLING DEVELOPMENTS 106 WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY IN TRAIN OPERATIONS 109 TELEPHONY AND RAILWAY COMMUNICATIONS 112 8 EVOLUTION OF THE ELECTRIC RAILWAY 1920–40 115 INTRODUCTION 115 THE THREE-PHASE RAILWAY ELECTRI?CATION SYSTEM 115 DEVELOPMENT OF THE SINGLE-PHASE TRACTION SYSTEM 121 THE EMERGENCE OF THE SINGLE-PHASE ARCHETYPE 126 CONVERTER LOCOMOTIVES 130 MOTOR-CONVERTER LOCOMOTIVES 132 PHASE-SPLITTING LOCOMOTIVES 133 THE KANDO SYSTEM 137 THE HIGH-VOLTAGE DC RAILWAY 139 144 146 9 RAILWAY ELECTRI?CATION AND THE THERMAL-ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE 149 THE THERMAL-ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE AND GENERAL RAILWAY ELECTRI?CATION 149 THE ‘ELECTRO-TURBO-LOCO’ OF 151 THE RAMSAY-ARMSTRONG WHITWORTH LOCOMOTIVE OF 155 INTERNAL-COMBUSTION LOCOMOTIVES AND THE TRANSMISSION QUESTION 157 10 CONVERTERS, THE MERCURY-ARC RECTI?ER AND SUPPLY TO ELECTRIC RAILWAYS 169 169 169 174 177 180 11 SIGNALLING, COMMUNICATIONS AND CONTROL 1920–40 185 185 188 193 195 202 203 204 12 RAILWAY ELECTRI?CATION 1920–40 207 207 207 213 217 219 13 ELECTRO-MOTIVE, GENERAL MOTORS AND OIL-ELECTRIC TRACTION 225 225 LOCOMOTIVE 230 236 240 14 THE MERCURY-ARC RECTI?ER LOCOMOTIVE 245 245 RAILROAD RECTI?ER LOCOMOTIVES 249 255 255 256 258 15 RAILWAY ELECTRI?CATION IN BRITAIN 1920–60 261 261 263 268 275 277 16 SIGNALLING, COMMUNICATIONS AND CONTROL 1940–70 283 283 285 289 293 RAILWAYS 297 300 17 MAIN LINE DIRECT CURRENT TRACTION IN BRITAIN 305 305 309 315 18 MAIN LINE ALTERNATING CURRENT TRACTION IN BRITAIN 321 321 322 325 336 19 SOLID-STATE ELECTRONICS, MOTOR CONTROL AND THE LOCOMOTIVE 339 339 341 344 347 351 20 SOLID-STATE ELECTRONICS IN SIGNALLING, COMMUNICATIONS AND CONTROL 355 355 360 363 364 368 370 377 381 21 THE ELECTRIC RAILWAY 1965–95 385 385 388 392 399 407 410 CHAPTER TELEGRAPHS, TRACK CIRCUITS AND SIGNALS BEFORE