ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC PRINCIPLES AND TECHNOLOGY
CONTENTS SECTION BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES UNITS ASSOCIATED WITH BASIC ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES SI UNITS CHARGE FORCE WORK POWER ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL AND E M F RESISTANCE AND CONDUCTANCE ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY SUMMARY OF TERMS, UNITS AND THEIR SYMBOLS AN INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC CIRCUITS ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAMS STANDARD SYMBOLS FOR ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS ELECTRIC CURRENT AND QUANTITY OF ELECTRICITY POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE AND RESISTANCE BASIC ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS LINEAR AND NON-LINEAR DEVICES OHM’S LAW MULTIPLES AND SUB-MULTIPLES CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS MAIN EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT FUSES INSULATION AND THE DANGERS OF CONSTANT HIGH CURRENT ?OW RESISTANCE VARIATION RESISTOR CONSTRUCTION RESISTANCE AND RESISTIVITY TEMPERATURE COEF?CIENT OF RESISTANCE RESISTOR COLOUR CODING AND OHMIC VALUES BATTERIES AND ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY INTRODUCTION TO BATTERIES SOME CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY THE SIMPLE CELL CORROSION E M F AND INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF A CELL PRIMARY CELLS SECONDARY CELLS CELL CAPACITY SAFE DISPOSAL OF BATTERIES FUEL CELLS ALTERNATIVE AND RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES REVISION TEST SERIES AND PARALLEL NETWORKS SERIES CIRCUITS POTENTIAL DIVIDER PARALLEL NETWORKS CURRENT DIVISION LOADING EFFECT POTENTIOMETERS AND RHEOSTATS RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE VOLTAGES EARTH POTENTIAL AND SHORT CIRCUITS WIRING LAMPS IN SERIES AND IN PARALLEL CAPACITORS AND CAPACITANCE INTRODUCTION TO CAPACITORS ELECTROSTATIC ?ELD ELECTRIC ?ELD STRENGTH CAPACITANCE CAPACITORS ELECTRIC ?UX DENSITY PERMITTIVITY THE PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR CAPACITORS CONNECTED IN PARALLEL AND SERIES DIELECTRIC STRENGTH ENERGY STORED IN CAPACITORS PRACTICAL TYPES OF CAPACITOR SUPERCAPACITORS DISCHARGING CAPACITORS MAGNETIC CIRCUITS INTRODUCTION TO MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC CIRCUITS MAGNETIC ?ELDS MAGNETIC ?UX AND ?UX DENSITY MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE AND MAGNETIC ?ELD STRENGTH PERMEABILITY AND B–H CURVES RELUCTANCE COMPOSITE SERIES MAGNETIC CIRCUITS COMPARISON BETWEEN ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC QUANTITIES HYSTERESIS AND HYSTERESIS LOSS ELECTROMAGNETISM MAGNETIC ?ELD DUE TO AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ELECTROMAGNETS FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF A SIMPLE D C MOTOR PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF A MOVING-COIL INSTRUMENT FORCE ON A CHARGE ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION LAWS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION ROTATION OF A LOOP IN A MAGNETIC ?ELD INDUCTANCE INDUCTORS ENERGY STORED INDUCTANCE OF A COIL MUTUAL INDUCTANCE 10 ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS AND MEASUREMENTS INTRODUCTION ANALOGUE INSTRUMENTS MOVING-IRON INSTRUMENT THE MOVING-COIL RECTI?ER INSTRUMENT COMPARISON OF MOVING-COIL, MOVING-IRON AND MOVING-COIL RECTI?ER INSTRUMENTS SHUNTS AND MULTIPLIERS ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS THE OHMMETER MULTIMETERS 10 10 WATTMETERS 10 11 INSTRUMENT ‘LOADING’ EFFECT 10 12 THE OSCILLOSCOPE 10 13 VIRTUAL TEST AND MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 10 14 VIRTUAL DIGITAL STORAGE OSCILLOSCOPES 10 15 WAVEFORM HARMONICS 10 16 LOGARITHMIC RATIOS 10 17 NULL METHOD OF MEASUREMENT 10 18 WHEATSTONE BRIDGE 10 19 D C POTENTIOMETER 10 20 A C BRIDGES 10 21 Q-METER 10 22 MEASUREMENT ERRORS 11 SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES TYPES OF MATERIAL SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS CONDUCTION IN SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS THE P–N JUNCTION FORWARD AND REVERSE BIAS SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES CHARACTERISTICS AND MAXIMUM RATINGS RECTI?CATION ZENER DIODES 11 10 SILICON CONTROLLED RECTI?ERS 11 11 LIGHT EMITTING DIODES 11 12 VARACTOR DIODES 11 13 SCHOTTKY DIODES 12 TRANSISTORS TRANSISTOR CLASSI?CATION BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTORS (BJTS) TRANSISTOR ACTION LEAKAGE CURRENT BIAS AND CURRENT ?OW TRANSISTOR OPERATING CON?GURATIONS BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR CHARACTERISTICS TRANSISTOR PARAMETERS CURRENT GAIN 12 10 TYPICAL BJT CHARACTERISTICS AND MAXIMUM RATINGS 12 11 FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS 12 12 FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR CHARACTERISTICS 12 13 TYPICAL FET CHARACTERISTICS AND MAXIMUM RATINGS 12 14 TRANSISTOR AMPLI?ERS 12 15 LOAD LINES FORMULAE FOR BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC PRINCIPLES SECTION FURTHER ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC PRINCIPLES 13 D C CIRCUIT THEORY KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS THE SUPERPOSITION THEOREM GENERAL D C CIRCUIT THEORY THÉVENIN’S THEOREM CONSTANT-CURRENT SOURCE NORTON’S THEOREM THÉVENIN AND NORTON EQUIVALENT NETWORKS MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM 14 ALTERNATING VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS THE A C GENERATOR WAVEFORMS A C VALUES ELECTRICAL SAFETY – INSULATION AND FUSES THE EQUATION OF A SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORM COMBINATION OF WAVEFORMS SMOOTHING OF THE RECTI?ED OUTPUT WAVEFORM 15 SINGLE-PHASE SERIES A C CIRCUITS PURELY RESISTIVE A C CIRCUIT PURELY INDUCTIVE A C CIRCUIT PURELY CAPACITIVE A C CIRCUIT R–L SERIES A C CIRCUIT R–C SERIES A C CIRCUIT R–L–C SERIES A C CIRCUIT SERIES RESONANCE Q-FACTOR BANDWIDTH AND SELECTIVITY 15 10 POWER IN A C CIRCUITS 15 11 POWER TRIANGLE AND POWER FACTOR 16 SINGLE-PHASE PARALLEL A C CIRCUITS R–L PARALLEL A C CIRCUIT R–C PARALLEL A C CIRCUIT L–C PARALLEL CIRCUIT LR–C PARALLEL A C CIRCUIT PARALLEL RESONANCE AND Q-FACTOR POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT 17 FILTER NETWORKS TWO-PORT NETWORKS AND CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE LOW-PASS ?LTERS HIGH-PASS ?LTERS BAND-PASS ?LTERS BAND-STOP ?LTERS 18 D C TRANSIENTS CHARGING A CAPACITOR TIME CONSTANT FOR A C–R CIRCUIT TRANSIENT CURVES FOR A C–R CIRCUIT DISCHARGING A CAPACITOR CAMERA ?ASH CURRENT GROWTH IN AN L–R CIRCUIT TIME CONSTANT FOR AN L–R CIRCUIT TRANSIENT CURVES FOR AN L–R CIRCUIT 18 10 CURRENT DECAY IN AN L–R CIRCUIT 18 11 SWITCHING INDUCTIVE CIRCUITS 18 12 THE EFFECTS OF TIME CONSTANT ON A RECTANGULAR WAVEFORM 19 OPERATIONAL AMPLI?ERS INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONAL AMPLI?ERS SOME OP AMP PARAMETERS OP AMP INVERTING AMPLI?ER OP AMP NON-INVERTING AMPLI?ER OP AMP VOLTAGE-FOLLOWER OP AMP SUMMING AMPLI?ER OP AMP VOLTAGE COMPARATOR OP AMP INTEGRATOR OP AMP DIFFERENTIAL AMPLI?ER 19 10 DIGITAL TO ANALOGUE (D/A) CONVERSION 19 11 ANALOGUE TO DIGITAL (A/D) CONVERSION FORMULAE FOR FURTHER ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC PRINCIPLES ELECTRICAL POWER TECHNOLOGY 20 THREE-PHASE SYSTEMS THREE-PHASE SUPPLY STAR CONNECTION DELTA CONNECTION POWER IN THREE-PHASE SYSTEMS MEASUREMENT OF POWER IN THREE-PHASE SYSTEMS COMPARISON OF STAR AND DELTA CONNECTIONS ADVANTAGES OF THREE-PHASE SYSTEMS 21 TRANSFORMERS TRANSFORMER PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION TRANSFORMER NO-LOAD PHASOR DIAGRAM E M F EQUATION OF A TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER ON-LOAD PHASOR DIAGRAM TRANSFORMER CONSTRUCTION EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A TRANSFORMER REGULATION OF A TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER LOSSES AND EF?CIENCY 21 10 RESISTANCE MATCHING 21 11 AUTO TRANSFORMERS 21 12 ISOLATING TRANSFORMERS 21 13 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS CONTENTS 21 14 CURRENT TRANSFORMERS 21 15 VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS 22 D C MACHINES THE ACTION OF A COMMUTATOR D C MACHINE CONSTRUCTION SHUNT, SERIES AND COMPOUND WINDINGS E M F GENERATED IN AN ARMATURE WINDING D C GENERATORS TYPES OF D C GENERATOR AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS D C MACHINE LOSSES EF?CIENCY OF A D C GENERATOR 22 10 D C MOTORS 22 11 TORQUE OF A D C MOTOR 22 12 TYPES OF D C MOTOR AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS 22 13 THE EF?CIENCY OF A D C MOTOR 22 14 D C MOTOR STARTER 22 15 SPEED CONTROL OF D C MOTORS 22 16 MOTOR COOLING 23 THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS PRODUCTION OF A ROTATING MAGNETIC ?ELD SYNCHRONOUS SPEED CONSTRUCTION OF A THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF A THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR SLIP ROTOR E M F AND FREQUENCY ROTOR IMPEDANCE AND CURRENT ROTOR COPPER LOSS 23 10 INDUCTION MOTOR LOSSES AND EF?CIENCY 23 11 TORQUE EQUATION FOR AN INDUCTION MOTOR 23 12 INDUCTION MOTOR TORQUE–SPEED CHARACTERISTICS 23 13 STARTING METHODS FOR INDUCTION MOTORS 23 14 ADVANTAGES OF SQUIRREL-CAGE INDUCTION MOTORS 23 15 ADVANTAGES OF WOUND ROTOR INDUCTION MOTORS 23 16 DOUBLE CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR 23 17 USES OF THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS FORMULAE FOR ELECTRICAL POWER TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS 24 SOME PRACTICAL LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS SERIES–PARALLEL D C CIRCUIT SUPERPOSITION THEOREM USE OF A CRO TO MEASURE VOLTAGE, FREQUENCY AND PHASE USE OF A CRO WITH A BRIDGE RECTI?ER MEASUREMENT OF THE INDUCTANCE OF A COIL SERIES A C CIRCUIT AND RESONANCE PARALLEL A C CIRCUIT AND RESONANCE 24 10 CHARGING AND DISCHARGING A CAPACITOR ANSWERS TO PRACTICE EXERCISES