OPTICAL FIBRES AND FIBRE OPTIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

By JENNIFER BROWN

PIN PHOTODETECTOR (PIN-PD) SCHOTTKY BARRIER PHOTODETECTOR METAL–SEMICONDUCTOR–METAL PHOTODETECTOR PHOTOCONDUCTIVE DETECTOR PHOTOTRANSISTOR AVALANCHE PHOTODETECTORS ADVANCED PHOTODETECTORS? DIRECT DETECTION RECEIVERS OPTICAL RECEIVER ICS RECEIVER NOISE SHOT NOISE THERMAL NOISE SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO, SNR COHERENT RECEIVERS SINGLE-BRANCH COHERENT RECEIVER BALANCED COHERENT RECEIVER SINGLE-BRANCH IQ COHERENT RECEIVER BALANCED IQ RECEIVER POLARIZATION EFFECTS EXERCISES REFERENCES OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS INTRODUCTION OPTICAL AMPLIFIER MODEL AMPLIFIED SPONTANEOUS EMISSION IN TWO-LEVEL SYSTEMS LOW-PASS REPRESENTATION OF ASE NOISE SYSTEM IMPACT OF ASE SIGNAL–ASE BEAT NOISE ASE–ASE BEAT NOISE TOTAL MEAN AND VARIANCE AMPLIFIER NOISE FIGURE OPTICAL SIGNAL-TO NOISE RATIO SEMICONDUCTOR OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS CAVITY-TYPE SEMICONDUCTOR OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS TRAVELING-WAVE AMPLIFIERS AR COATING GAIN SATURATION ERBIUM-DOPED FIBER AMPLIFIER GAIN SPECTRUM RATE EQUATIONS? AMPLIFIED SPONTANEOUS EMISSION COMPARISON OF EDFA AND SOA RAMAN AMPLIFIERS GOVERNING EQUATIONS NOISE FIGURE RAYLEIGH BACK SCATTERING ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES FURTHER READING TRANSMISSION SYSTEM DESIGN FIBER LOSS-INDUCED LIMITATIONS DISPERSION-INDUCED LIMITATIONS ASE-INDUCED LIMITATIONS EQUIVALENT NOISE FIGURE IMPACT OF AMPLIFIER SPACING DIRECT DETECTION RECEIVER COHERENT RECEIVER NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OPTIMUM BINARY RECEIVER FOR COHERENT SYSTEMS REALIZATION OF THE MATCHED FILTER ERROR PROBABILITY WITH AN ARBITRARY RECEIVER FILTER HOMODYNE RECEIVERS PSK: HOMODYNE DETECTION ON–OFF KEYING HETERODYNE RECEIVERS PSK: SYNCHRONOUS DETECTION OOK: SYNCHRONOUS DETECTION FSK: SYNCHRONOUS DETECTION OOK: ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER FSK: ASYNCHRONOUS DETECTION COMPARISON OF MODULATION SCHEMES WITH HETERODYNE RECEIVER DIRECT DETECTION OOK FSK DPSK COMPARISON OF MODULATION SCHEMES WITH DIRECT DETECTION CHANNEL MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUES POLARIZATION-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING WAVELENGTH-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING WDM COMPONENTS WDM EXPERIMENTS OFDM OFDM PRINCIPLE OPTICAL OFDM TRANSMITTER OPTICAL OFDM RECEIVER OPTICAL OFDM EXPERIMENTS TIME-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING MULTIPLEXING DEMULTIPLEXING OTDM EXPERIMENTS NONLINEAR EFFECTS IN FIBERS ORIGIN OF LINEAR AND NONLINEAR REFRACTIVE INDICES ABSORPTION AND AMPLIFICATION NONLINEAR SUSCEPTIBILITY FIBER DISPERSION NONLINEAR SCHRÖDINGER EQUATION SELF-PHASE MODULATION COMBINED EFFECT OF DISPERSION AND SPM INTERCHANNEL NONLINEAR EFFECTS CROSS-PHASE MODULATION FOUR-WAVE MIXING INTRACHANNEL NONLINEAR IMPAIRMENTS INTRACHANNEL CROSS-PHASE MODULATION INTRACHANNEL FOUR-WAVE MIXING INTRA- VERSUS INTERCHANNEL NONLINEAR EFFECTS THEORY OF INTRACHANNEL NONLINEAR EFFECTS VARIANCE CALCULATIONS NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS 10 10 NONLINEAR PHASE NOISE 10 10 1 LINEAR PHASE NOISE 10 10 2 GORDON–MOLLENAUER PHASE NOISE 10 11 STIMULATED RAMAN SCATTERING 10 11 1 TIME DOMAIN DESCRIPTION 10 12 ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LASER PHASE NOISE IF ESTIMATION AND COMPENSATION PHASE ESTIMATION AND COMPENSATION PHASE UNWRAPPING CD EQUALIZATION ADAPTIVE EQUALIZERS POLARIZATION MODE DISPERSION EQUALIZATION DIGITAL BACK PROPAGATION MULTI-SPAN DBP 4????R2 R (1 4) (A) ELECTRIC FLUX DENSITY ON THE SURFACE OF THE SPHERE (B) THE INCREMENTAL SURFACE ?S ON THE SPHERE AMPERE’S LAW AND MAGNETIC FIELD INTENSITY CONSIDER A CONDUCTOR CARRYING A DIRECT CURRENT I IF WE BRING A MAGNETIC COMPASS NEAR THE CONDUCTOR, IT WILL ORIENT IN THE DIRECTION SHOWN IN FIG 1 4(A) THIS INDICATES THAT THE MAGNETIC NEEDLE EXPERIENCES THE MAGNETIC FIELD PRODUCED BY THE CURRENT THE MAGNETIC FIELD INTENSITY H IS DEFINED AS THE FORCE EXPERIENCED BY AN ISOLATED H ?DL = I (1 13) THE ABOVE EQUATION INDICATES THAT THE SUM OF THE COMPONENTS OF H THAT ARE PARALLEL TO THE TANGENT OF A CLOSED CURVE TIMES THE DIFFERENTIAL PATH LENGTH IS EQUAL TO THE CURRENT ENCLOSED BY THIS CURVE IF THE CLOSED PATH IS A CIRCLE (L1) OF RADIUS R, DUE TO CIRCULAR SYMMETRY, THE MAGNITUDE OF H IS CONSTANT AT ANY POINT ON L1 AND ITS H ?DL = ?S J ?DS, (1 21) WHERE S IS THE SURFACE WHOSE PERIMETER IS THE CLOSED PATH L1 IN ANALOGY WITH THE DEFINITION OF ELECTRIC FLUX DENSITY, MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY IS DEFINED AS B = ??H, (1 22) WHERE ??IS CALLED THE PERMEABILITY IN FREE SPACE, THE PERMEABILITY HAS A VALUE ??0 = 4??× 10?7 N/A2 (1 23) IN GENERAL, THE PERMEABILITY OF A MEDIUM ??IS WRITTEN AS A PRODUCT OF THE PERMEABILITY OF FREE SPACE ??0 AND A CONSTANT THAT DEPENDS ON THE MEDIUM THIS CONSTANT IS CALLED THE RELATIVE PERMEABILITY ??R, ??= ??0??R (1 24) OPTICAL FIBRES AND FIBRE OPTIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS THE MAGNETIC FLUX CROSSING A SURFACE S CAN BE OBTAINED BY INTEGRATING THE NORMAL COMPONENT OF MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY, ??M = ?S BNDS (1 25) IF WE USE GAUSS’S LAW FOR THE MAGNETIC FIELD, THE NORMAL COMPONENT OF THE MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY INTEGRATED OVER A CLOSED SURFACE SHOULD BE EQUAL TO THE MAGNETIC CHARGE ENCLOSED HOWEVER, NO ISOLATED MAGNETIC CHARGE HAS EVER BEEN DISCOVERED IN THE CASE OF AN ELECTRIC FIELD, THE FLUX LINES START FROM OR TERMINATE ON ELECTRIC CHARGES IN CONTRAST, MAGNETIC FLUX LINES ARE CLOSED AND DO NOT EMERGE FROM OR TERMINATE ON MAGNETIC CHARGES THEREFORE, ??M = ?S BNDS = GENERATION OF E M F BY MOVING A MAGNET