REMOTE SENSING WITH IMAGING RADAR
3 4 RESOLUTION IN THE ALONG TRACK DIRECTION PULSE COMPRESSION RADA R RANGE RESOLUTION RADAR AS A REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY 2 18 THE DOPPLER EFFECT 2 17 INTERFERENCE 2 16 TRANSMITTING AND RECEIVING POLARISED RADIATION 2 13 THE STOKES PARAMETERS, THE STOKES VECTOR AND THE MODIFIED 2 15 THE POINCARÉ SPHERE 2 14 UNPOLARISED AND PARTIALLY POLARISED RADIATION STOKES VECTOR 2 12 CIRCULAR POLARISATION AS A BASIS VECTOR SYSTEM THE CONCEPT OF NEAR AND FAR FIELDS 2 11 THE JONES VECTOR LOOKING AT THE UNDERLYING ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS THE BENEFITS OF RADAR REMOTE SENSING THE ATMOSPHERE AT MICROWAVE FREQUENCIES PASSIVE MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING ENERGY AVAILABLE FOR MICROWAVE IMAGING TOTAL AVAILABLE ENERGY ENERGY SOURCES IN REMOTE SENSING WAVELENGTH RANGES USED IN REMOTE SENSING CHAPTER 2 THE RADIATION FRAMEWORK CHAPTER 1 THE IMAGING RADAR SYSTEM IMAGING WITH MICROWAVES WHY MICROWAVES? COMPONENTS OF AN IMAGING RADAR SYSTEM DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS REFERENCING AND FOOTNOTES HOW THIS BOOK IS ORGANISED ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE A CRITICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY COMPLEX NUMBERS VECTORS AND MATRICES 2 10 POLARISATION CHAPTER 3 THE TECHNOLOGY OF RADAR IMAGING PART A: THE SYSTEM 3 16 POLARISATION DEPENDENCE OF THE SCATTERING COEFFICIENT 3 22 POLARISATION SYNTHESIS 3 23 COMPACT POLARIMETRY 3 24 FARADAY ROTATION 4 1 SOURCES OF GEOMETRIC DISTORTION NEAR RANGE COMPRESSIONAL DISTORTION LAYOVER, RELIEF DISPLACEMENT, FORESHORTENING AND SHADOWING SLANT RANGE IMAGERY 4 2 GEOMETRIC CORRECTION OF RADAR IMAGERY REGIONS OF LOW RELIEF PASSIVE RADAR CALIBRATORS ACTIVE RADAR CALIBRATORS (ARCS) POLARIMETRIC ACTIVE RADAR CALIBRATORS (PARCS) REGIONS OF HIGH RELIEF 4 3 RADIOMETRIC CORRECTION OF RADAR IMAGERY SPECKLE RADAR IMAGE PRODUCTS SPECKLE FILTERING ANTENNA INDUCED RADIOMETRIC DISTORTION 5 1 INTRODUCTION 5 2 COMMON SCATTERING MECHANISMS 5 3 SURFACE SCATTERING SMOOTH SURFACES ROUGH SURFACES PENETRATION INTO SURFACE MATERIALS 3 21 RELATING THE SCATTERING MATRIX TO THE STOKES VECTOR 3 20 MEASURING THE SCATTERING MATRIX 3 17 THE SCATTERING MATRIX 3 19 THE COVARIANCE AND COHERENCY MATRICES 3 15 THE SCATTERING COEFFICIENT IN DB 3 18 TARGET VECTORS 3 14 DISTRIBUTED TARGETS 3 11 THE RADAR EQUATION 3 12 THEORETICAL EXPRESSION FOR RADAR CROSS SECTION 3 8 THE RADAR RESOLUTION CELL 3 9 SCANSAR 3 7 SWATH WIDTH AND BOUNDS ON PULSE REPETITION FREQUENCY 3 10 SQUINT AND THE SPOTLIGHT OPERATING MODE 3 5 SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (SAR) 3 13 THE RADAR CROSS SECTION IN DB 3 6 THE MATHEMATICAL BASIS FOR SAR PART B: THE TARGET CHAPTER 4 CORRECTING AND CALIBRATING RADAR IMAGERY CHAPTER 5 SCATTERING FROM EARTH SURFACE FEATURES EXTINCTION IN VOLUME SCATTERING 5 5 SCATTERING FROM HARD TARGETS FACET SCATTERING DIHEDRAL CORNER REFLECTOR BEHAVIOUR METALLIC AND RESONANT ELEMENTS BRAGG SCATTERING THE CARDINAL EFFECT 5 6 COMPOSITE SCATTERERS 5 7 SEA SURFACE SCATTERING 5 8 INTERNAL (OCEAN) WAVES 5 9 SEA ICE SCATTERING 6 1 INTRODUCTION 6 2 THE IMPORTANCE OF PHASE 6 3 A RADAR INTERFEROMETER – INSAR 6 5 CORRECTING FOR FLAT EARTH PHASE VARIATIONS 6 6 THE PROBLEM WITH PHASE ANGLE 6 7 PHASE UNWRAPPING 6 8 AN INCLINED BASELINE 6 9 STANDARD AND PING PONG MODES OF OPERATION 6 10 TYPES OF SAR INTERFEROMETRY 6 11 THE CONCEPT OF CRITICAL BASELINE 6 12 DECORRELATION 6 13 DETECTING TOPOGRAPHIC CHANGE: ALONG TRACK INTERFEROMETRY 6 14 POLARIMETRIC INTERFEROMETRIC SAR (POLINSAR) 6 14 1 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS 6 14 2 THE T6 COHERENCY MATRIX 6 14 3 MAXIMISING COHERENCE 6 14 4 THE PLOT OF COMPLEX COHERENCE 6 15 TOMOGRAPHIC SAR 6 15 1 THE APERTURE SYNTHESIS APPROACH 6 15 2 THE FOURIER TRANSFORMATION APPROACH TO VERTICAL RESOLUTION 6 15 3 UNEVENLY SPACED FLIGHT LINES 6 15 4 POLARISATION IN TOMOGRAPHY 6 15 5 POLARISATION COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY 6 16 RANGE SPECTRAL FILTERING AND A RE-EXAMINATION OF THE CRITICAL BASELINE 7 1 INTRODUCTION 7 2 GENERALISED RADAR NETWORKS 5 4 VOLUME SCATTERING MODELLING VOLUME SCATTERING DEPOLARISATION IN VOLUME SCATTERING 6 4 CREATING THE INTERFEROMETRIC IMAGE CHAPTER 6 INTERFEROMETRIC AND TOMOGRAPHIC SAR CHAPTER 7 BISTATIC SAR 7 6 THE NEED FOR TRANSMITTER-RECEIVER SYNCHRONISATION 7 7 USING TRANSMITTERS OF OPPORTUNITY 7 8 GEOMETRIC DISTORTION AND SHADOWING WITH BISTATIC RADAR 7 10 BISTATIC SCATTERING 8 1 INTRODUCTION 8 2 ANALYTICAL COMPLEXITY 8 3 1 THE ROLE OF INCIDENCE ANGLE 8 3 2 THE ROLE OF WAVELENGTH 8 3 3 THE ROLE OF POLARISATION 8 4 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF RADAR IMAGE DATA FOR THEMATIC MAPPING 8 4 1 OVERVIEW OF METHODS 8 4 2 FEATURES AVAILABLE FOR RADAR QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS 8 4 3 APPLICATION OF STANDARD CLASSIFICATION TECHNIQUES 8 4 4 1 A MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD APPROACH 8 4 4 2 HANDLING MULTI-LOOK DATA 8 4 4 3 RELATING THE SCATTERING AND COVARIANCE MATRICES, AND THE STOKES SCATTERING OPERATOR 8 4 4 4 ADDING OTHER DIMENSIONALITY 8 5 INTERPRETATION BASED ON STRUCTURAL MODELS 8 5 1 INTERPRETATION USING POLARISATION PHASE DIFFERENCE 8 5 2 INTERPRETATION THROUGH STRUCTURAL DECOMPOSITION 8 5 2 1 DECOMPOSING THE SCATTERING MATRIX 8 5 2 2 DECOMPOSING THE COVARIANCE MATRIX: THE FREEMAN-DURDEN APPROACH 8 5 2 3 DECOMPOSING THE COHERENCY MATRIX: THE CLOUDE-POTTIER APPROACH 8 5 2 4 COHERENCY SHAPE PARAMETERS AS FEATURES FOR POLINSAR CLASSIFICATION 8 6 INTERFEROMETRIC COHERENCE AS A DISCRIMINATOR 8 7 SOME COMPARATIVE CLASSIFICATION RESULTS 8 8 FINDING PIXEL VERTICAL DETAIL USING INTERFEROMETRIC COHERENCE 9 1 INTRODUCTION 9 2 RADIOMETRIC BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE 7 3 ANALYSIS OF BISTATIC RADAR THE BISTATIC RADAR RANGE EQUATION AND THE BISTATIC RADAR CROSS SECTION BISTATIC GROUND RANGE RESOLUTION BISTATIC AZIMUTH RESOLUTION 7 4 THE GENERAL BISTATIC CONFIGURATION 7 5 OTHER BISTATIC CONFIGURATIONS 7 9 REMOTE SENSING BENEFITS OF BISTATIC RADAR 8 4 4 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON RADAR IMAGE STATISTICS 8 3 VISUAL INTERPRETATION THROUGH AN UNDERSTANDING OF SCATTERING BEHAVIOURS CHAPTER 8 RADAR IMAGE INTERPRETATION CHAPTER 9 PASSIVE MICROWAVE IMAGING 9 3 RELATING MICROWAVE EMISSION TO SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS 9 4 EMISSION FROM ROUGH SURFACES 9 5 DEPENDENCE ON SURFACE DIELECTRIC CONSTANT 9 6 SEA SURFACE EMISSION 9 7 BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE OF VOLUME MEDIA 9 8 LAYERED MEDIA: VEGETATION OVER SOIL 9 9 PASSIVE MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE