MICROWAVE SOLID STATE CIRCUIT DESIGN
CHAPTER 1 Theory of Oscillators 1 11 Introduction 1 12 Oscillation Conditions 1 13 Nyquist Stability Test 6 14 Root Locus 10 15 Routh-Hurwitz Method 18 16 The Wien-Bridge Oscillator 20 17 The Phase-Shift Oscillator 34 18 Active-Filter Oscillators 46 References 51 CHAPTER 2 Oscillator Characteristics 53 21 Introduction 53 22 Frequency Stability 53 23 Expressions for the Quality Factor 62 24 Noise in Oscillators 68 25 Oscillator Phase Noise 76 26 Oscillator Noise Measurements 89 261 The Direct Method 89 262 The Phase-Detector Method 89 263 The Delay-Line/Frequency-Discriminator Method 93 27 Statistical Design Considerations 94 References 100 CHAPTER 3 Tuned-Circuit Oscillators 103 31 Introduction 103 32 FET Tuned Oscillators 103 321 FET Pierce Oscillator 109 322 FET Colpitts Oscillator 114 323 FET Hartley Oscillator 117 324 FET Clapp Oscillator 122 325 The Grounded-Gate Oscillator 123 326 Tuned-Drain Oscillator 126 327 Cross-Coupled Tuned Oscillator 128 33 BJT Tuned Oscillators 130 331 BJT Pierce Oscillator 132 332 BJT Colpitts Oscillator 137 333 BJT Hartley Oscillator 142 334 The Grounded-Base Oscillator 147 335 BJT Clapp Oscillator 152 336 Tuned-Collector Oscillator 154 34 Op-Amp Tuned Oscillators 155 35 Delay-Line Oscillators 159 36 Voltage-Controlled Tuned Oscillators 161 37 Large-Signal Analysis of Oscillators 164 References 180 CHAPTER 4 Crystal Oscillators 181 41 Introduction 181 42 Crystal Characteristics 181 43 Frequency Pulling in a Crystal Oscillator 201 44 The Pierce, Colpitts, and Clapp Crystal Oscillators 208 45 The Grounded-Base Crystal Oscillator 230 46 The PI-Network Crystal Oscillator 235 47 Voltage-Controlled Crystal Oscillators 238 48 Ceramic-Resonator Oscillators 239 49 SAW Oscillators 242 References 250 CHAPTER 5 Negative-Resistance Oscillators 251 51 Introduction 251 52 Negative-Resistance Method 251 53 Oscillation Conditions—A Negative-Resistance Approach 260 54 Traveling-Waves and Power-Waves Concepts 266 541 S Parameters 269 542 Sp Parameters 271 55 Stability Considerations 272 56 Oscillation Conditions in Terms of Reflection Coefficients 276 57 Two-Port Negative-Resistance Oscillators 280 58 The Terminating Network 290 59 Oscillation-Conditions Simulations 293 591 OscTest 293 592 Nyquist Test 296 593 OscPort 297 510 Large-Signal Analysis for NROs 297 511 Design of Feedback Oscillators Using the Negative-Resistance Method 302 512 Dielectric-Resonator Oscillators 309 5121 TEM-Mode DRs 310 5122 TE-Mode DRs 315 5123 Parallel-Coupled DRO 340 513 YIG Oscillators 343 514 Other Negative-Resistance Devices 346 5141 Gunn Diodes 346 5142 Impatt Diodes 349 References 350 CHAPTER 6 Nonsinusoidal Oscillators 351 61 Introduction 351 62 Various Relaxation Oscillators 351 621 Relaxation Oscillators Using Operational Amplifiers 351 622 Relaxation Oscillators with Digital Gates 354 623 The Ring Oscillator 363 63 Triangular-Wave Oscillators 365 64 Sawtooth Oscillators 379 65 Oscillators Using the 555 Timer 380 66 ICs Function Generators 387 67 UJTs and PUTs 393