ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS
1 Introduction 1 11 Scope 1 12 Commercial Buildings 3 13 The Industry Applications Society (IAS) 4 14 IEEE Publications 5 15 Professional Registration 5 16 Codes and Standards 6 17 Handbooks 8 18 Periodicals 9 19 Manufacturers’ Data 10 110 Safety 10 111 Maintenance 11 112 Design Considerations 12 113 Estimating 15 114 Contracts 16 115 Building Access and Loading 16 116 Contractor Performance 16 117 Environmental Considerations 17 118 Technical Files 17 119 Electronic Systems 18 120 Power Supply Disturbances 18 121 Definitions 19 122 References 24 2 Load Characteristics25 21 General Discussion 25 22 Load Characteristics 31 23 Electromagnetic Hazards, Pollution, and Environmental Quality 40 24 Additions to Existing Systems 41 25 Total Load Considerations 42 26 Example Ñ Sample Partial Load Calculation for an Office Building 46 27 References 49 3 Voltage Considerations 50 31 General Discussion 50 32 Voltage Control in Electric Power Systems 54 33 Voltage Selection 63 34 Voltage Ratings for Utilization Equipment 65 35 Effect of Voltage Variation on Utilization Equipment 66 36 Calculation of Voltage Drops 70 37 Improvement of Voltage Conditions 82 38 Voltage-Drop Considerations in Locating the Low-Voltage Power Source 83 39 Momentary Voltage Variations Ñ Voltage Dips 83 310 Calculation of Voltage Dips 85 311 Phase Voltage Unbalance in Three-Phase Systems 87 312 Harmonic Voltages 91 313 Transient Overvoltages 93 314 References 94 315 Bibliography 95 CONTENTS 4 Power Sources and Distribution Systems 95 41 General Discussion 95 42 Electric Power Supply 95 43 Interrelated Utility and Project Factors That Influence Design 101 44 Electric Utility Metering and Billing 102 45 Transformer Connections 107 46 Principal Transformer Secondary Connections 108 47 System Grounding 109 48 Distribution Circuit Arrangements 111 49 Emergency and Standby Power Systems 124 410 Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Systems 130 411 Voltage Regulation and Power Factor Correction 144 412 System Reliability Analysis 144 413 References 145 5 Power Distribution Apparatus147 51 General Discussion 147 52 Transformers 148 53 Medium- and High-Voltage Fuses 157 54 Metal-Enclosed 5-345 kV Interrupter Switchgear 162 55 Metal-Clad 5-345 kV Circuit Breaker Switchgear 163 56 Metal-Enclosed, Low-Voltage 600 V Power Switchgear and Circuit Breakers 165 57 Metal-Enclosed Distribution Switchboards 167 58 Primary-Unit Substations 168 59 Secondary-Unit Substations 168 510 Panelboards 169 511 Molded-Case Circuit Breakers 171 512 Low-Voltage Fuses 172 513 Service Protectors 176 514 Enclosed Switches 176 515 Bolted Pressure Switches and High-Pressure Contact Switches 177 516 Network Protectors 178 517 Lightning and System Transient Protection 179 518 Load Transfer Devices 181 519 Interlock Systems 185 520 Remote Control Contactors 185 521 Equipment Ratings 188 522 References 188 523 Bibliography 190 6 Controllers191 61 General Discussion 191 62 Starting 192 63 Protection 197 64 Special Features 200 65 Control Systems 201 66 Low-Voltage Starters and Controllers 204 67 Multiple-Speed Controllers 206 68 Fire Pump Controllers 207 69 Medium-Voltage Starters and Controllers 207 610 Synchronous Motor Starters 208 611 DC Motor Controls 208 612 Pilot Devices 208 613 Speed Control of DC Motors 211 614 Speed Control of AC Motors 212 615 Power System Harmonics from Adjustable Speed Motor Controls 213 616 References 213 7 Services, Vaults, and Electrical Equipment Rooms213 71 Incoming Lines and Service Laterals 213 72 Service Entrance Installations 217 73 Vaults and Pads for Service Equipment 223 74 Network Vaults for High-Rise Buildings 224 75 Service Rooms and Electrical Closets 227 76 References 228 8 Wiring Systems 228 81 Introduction 228 82 Cable Systems 228 83 Cable Construction 229 84 Cable Outer Finishes 239 85 Cable Ratings 243 86 Installation 249 87 Connectors 256 88 Terminations 260 89 Splicing Devices and Techniques 268 810 Grounding of Cable Systems 271 811 Protection from Transient Overvoltage 272 812 Testing 272 813 Locating Cable Faults 277 814 Cable Specification 280 815 Busway 280 816 Busway Construction 281 817 Feeder Busway 282 818 Plug-in Busway 283 819 Lighting Busway 284 820 Trolley Busway 285 821 Standards 285 822 Selection and Application of Busways 286 823 Layout 291 824 Installation 293 825 Field Testing 294 826 Busways Over 600 V (Metal-Enclosed Bus) 294 827 References 296 828 Bibliography 297 9 System Protection and Coordination298 91 General Discussion 298 92 Short-Circuit Calculations 308 93 Selection of Equipment 310 94 Basis of Short-Circuit Current Calculations 311 95 Details of Short-Circuit Current Calculations 313 96 Method of Reducing the Available Short-Circuit Current 344 97 Selective Coordination 348 98 Fuses 362 99 Current-Limiting Circuit Breakers 377 910 Ground-Fault Protection 377 911 References 379 912 Bibliography 380 10 Lighting381 101 General Discussion 381 102 Lighting Terminology 382 103 Illumination Quality 384 104 Illumination Quantity 387 105 Light Sources 389 106 Ballasts 395 107 Luminaires 398 108 Lighting Application Techniques 401 109 Control of Lighting 418 1010 Lighting Maintenance 423 1011 Voltage 423 1012 Power Factor 425 1013 Temperature 425 1014 Ballast Sound 426 1015 Lighting Economics 427 1016 Illuminance Calculations 429 1017 Lighting and Thermal Considerations 429 1018 References 431