ELECTRIC CENTRAL STATION DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS: THEIR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
One SUPPLY SYSTEM AND DISTRIBUTION PRACTICES 1 Introduction 1 11 Supply Systems 2 12 The Distribution Systems 5 13 Organisation and Contents of the Book 5 Summary 5 Keywords 6 Review Questions 6 Multiple Choice Questions 6 Fill in the Blanks 7 Answers 7 Two LOAD CHARACTERISTICS AND LOAD MODELLING 8 Introduction 8 21 Defi nitions 8 22 Loads and Load Characteristics 9 23 Load Curves and Load-Duration Curves 11 24 Relation Between Load and Loss Factor: A Simplifi ed Approach 19 25 Load Growth and Diversifi ed Demands 22 26 Load Modeling 24 27 Load Growth and Forecasting 27 Summary 28 Keywords 28 Review Questions 28 Problem 29 Multiple Choice Questions 30 Fill in the Blanks 31 Answers 31 Three OVERHEAD LINES AND CABLES 32 Introduction 32 31 Line Parameters 33 32 Overhead Lines, Insulators and Supports 34 33 Cables 40 34 Insulation Resistance 44 35 Voltage Drop and Power Loss in Conductors 44 Summary 46 Keywords 46 Review Questions 46 Problem 47 Multiple Choice Questions 47 Fill in the Blanks 47 Answers 48 Four DISTRIBUTION FEEDERS 49 Introduction 49 41 Primary and Secondary Distribution 50 42 Distribution Substation Location and Planning 50 43 Feeder Loading and Voltage-Drop Considerations 51 44 Voltage-Drop in Feeder Lines with Different Loadings 54 45 Voltage Drop Constant ‘K’ For Feeders with Different Types of Loadings 59 46 Feeder Rating with Square-type Distribution System 59 Summary 65 Keywords 65 Review Questions 65 Problem 66 Multiple Choice Questions 66 Fill in the Blanks 67 Answers 68 Five PRIMARY AND SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS 69 Introduction 69 51 Primary Distribution System 69 52 Primary Feeder Voltage Levels and Loading 72 53 Secondary Distribution Systems 73 54 Distribution Feeders 76 55 Design Considerations 78 Summary 81 Keywords 81 Review Questions 81 Problem 81 Multiple Choice Questions 82 Short Questions 83 Answers 84 Six VOLTAGE DROP AND POWER LOSS CALCULATIONS 85 Introduction 85 61 DC, 2-Wire Distribution System 85 62 DC, 3-Wire System 89 63 AC Single-Phase Distribution System 91 64 Voltage Drop (% VD) Computation Based on Load Density 101 65 Voltage Drop (VD) With Underground Cable Distribution 103 66 Power-loss Estimation In Distribution System 106 Summary 109 Keywords 109 Review Questions 109 Problem 109 Multiple Choice Questions 112 Fill in the Blanks 113 Answers 113 Seven REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION AND APPLICATIONS OF CAPACITORS 114 Introduction 114 71 Advantages and Benefi ts of Power Factor Improvement 114 72 Power-factor Analysis and Basics 115 73 Power-Factor Improvement Using Capacitors: Mathematical Calculation 116 74 Location of Capacitors 118 75 Voltage Improvement Achieved Using Capacitor Banks 119 76 Application of Capacitors for Power-Factor Improvement 123 77 Sub-harmonic Oscillations and Ferro-Resonance due to Capacitor Banks 128 78 Synchronous Motors for Reactive Power Compensation and Power Factor Improvement 128 79 Optimum Power Factor for Distribution Systems 130 Summary 132 Keywords 133 Review Questions 133 Problem 133 Multiple Choice Questions 135 Fill in the Blanks 135 Answers 136 Eight SUBSTATIONS EQUIPMENT, LOCATION AND GROUNDING 137 Introduction 137 81 Substation Types 137 82 Substation Components, Equipment and Layouts 138 83 Substation Location and Size 143 84 Grounding 143 85 Earth Connections and Earthing System 147 86 Gas Insulated Substation (GIS) 148 Summary 156 Keywords 156 Review Questions 156 Multiple Choice Questions 156 Fill in the Blanks 157 Answers 158 Nine FAULTS AND OVER VOLTAGES IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS 159 Introduction 159 91 Types of Faults 159 92 Symmetrical Component Analysis 160 93 Fault Analysis for Distribution System 162 94 Overvoltage in Distribution Systems 174 Summary 175 Keywords 175 Review Questions 175 Problem 176 Multiple Choice Questions 177 Fill in the Blanks 178 Answers 178 Ten PROTECTION 179 Introduction 179 101 Basic Requirements 179 102 Overcurrent Protection : Fuses 179 103 Circuit Breakers 182 104 Protective Relays and Relaying 183 105 Coordination Between Different Protective Devices 190 106 Protection Against Overvoltages 193 Summary 199 Keywords 199 Review Questions 199 Multiple Choice Questions 200 Fill in the Blanks 201 Answers 202 Eleven METERING, INSTRUMENTATION AND TARIFFS 203 Introduction 203 111 Measurement of Power 203 112 Measurement of Energy 206 113 Maximum Demand and Trivector Meters 209 114 Substation Instrumentation 211 115 Tariffs and Billing 211 Summary 213 Keywords 213 Review Questions 213 Multiple Choice Questions 214 Fill in the Blanks 215 Answers 216 Twelve VOLTAGE CONTROL: SYSTEM PLANNING AND AUTOMATION 217 Introduction 217 121 Basic Difi nitions 218 122 Voltage Control 218 123 Distribution Planning 223 124 Distribution Automation 224 125 Distribution Optimization 233 Summary 236 Keywords 236 Review Questions 236 Multiple Choice Questions 237 Fill in the Blanks 238 Answers 238