FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION
CONTENTS PART THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 1 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF OPTICAL COMMUNICATION 3 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES 3 ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM 4 LIGHT—KEY CONCEPTS 5 FUNDAMENTALS OF LIGHT TRANSMISSION 7 ESTIMATING CHANNEL CAPACITY OF A COMMUNICATION LINK NOISELESS CHANNEL 10 NOISY CHANNEL 11 SCALES 12 LOGARITHMIC SCALES 13 OPTICAL POWER MEASUREMENTS 15 ABSOLUTE POWER MEASUREMENTS 16 LOGARITHM RULES 17 MODES OF LIGHT PROPAGATION IN OPTICAL FIBER 17 ACCEPTANCE ANGLE AND NUMERICAL APERTURE 18 MODAL PROPAGATION 19 DISPERSION 20 EFFECTS OF FIBER NONLINEARITIES 22 SUMMARY 23 REFERRED STANDARDS 24 REVIEW 25 REVIEW QUESTIONS 25 EXERCISES 26 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 27 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 27 BOOKS 27 URLS 28 REFERENCES 28 2 ESSENTIALS OF FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION 29 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES 29 INTRODUCTION 30 OPTICAL FIBER DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS 31 OPTICAL FIBER CLASSIFICATION 37 STANDARD OPTICAL FIBER DESIGNS 40 SAFETY STANDARDS 42 OPTICAL FIBER COMPOSITION 43 FIBER GEOMETRY 44 FIBER SELECTION CRITERIA 45 COMMON FIBER PLANT DEPLOYMENT 47 SUMMARY 49 REVIEW 50 REVIEW QUESTIONS 50 EXERCISES 52 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 52 REFERRED STANDARDS 53 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 53 BOOKS 53 URLS 54 REFERENCES 54 3 OPTICAL FIBER SPLICING AND INTERFACES 55 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES 55 INTRODUCTION 56 SPLICES AND CONNECTORS 56 OPTICAL TRANSMITTERS 65 OPTICAL SOURCES 66 MODULAR OPTICAL INTERFACES 69 KEY PARAMETERS (TRANSMITTER) 72 OPTICAL RECEIVERS 76 OPTICAL MODULATION TECHNIQUES 77 LINK LOSS BUDGETING 78 TRANSMITTER LAUNCH POWER 79 RECEIVER SENSITIVITY AND DYNAMIC RANGE 79 POWER BUDGET AND MARGIN COMPUTATIONS 80 SPAN ANALYSIS 82 SUMMARY 85 REVIEW 86 REVIEW QUESTIONS 86 EXERCISES 88 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 88 REFERRED STANDARDS 89 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 89 BOOKS 89 URLS 89 REFERENCES 90 4 FIBER PLANT MANUFACTURING, INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE, AND DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES 91 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES 91 INTRODUCTION 92 MANUFACTURING OF OPTICAL FIBERS 93 FIBER LAYING TECHNIQUES 94 CABLE PREPARATION, SPLICING, AND TERMINATION 97 CABLE PREPARATION 98 SPLICING 98 FIBER TERMINATION 99 SAFETY GUIDELINES 100 CAUSES OF INJURY 101 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE 101 ACCESSIBLE EMISSION LIMITS 104 FIBER HANDLING TECHNIQUES 104 NETWORK DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES 106 FIBER ROUTE LOCATOR 106 VISUAL CONNECTOR INSPECTION 107 OPTICAL POWER MEASUREMENTS 107 POWER MEASUREMENTS 108 OPTICAL TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER—WORKING 108 FIBER AND CONNECTOR CLEANING 109 SUMMARY 110 REVIEW 111 REVIEW QUESTIONS 111 EXERCISES 112 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 112 REFERRED STANDARDS 113 RECOMMENDED READING 113 BOOKS 113 URLS 114 REFERENCES 114 PART OPTICAL NETWORK ARCHITECTURES 115 5 PHOTONIC TRANSPORT NETWORKS 117 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES 117 INTRODUCTION 118 TRANSPORT NETWORK—AN OVERVIEW 118 TRANSPORT NETWORK—NEEDS, BENEFITS, AND FUNCTION 120 SYNCHRONOUS OPTICAL NETWORKS—EVOLUTION 121 TRANSPORT NETWORK—ARCHITECTURE 123 TRANSPORT NETWORK—COMPONENTS 126 NETWORK EQUIPMENT 127 MEDIA 135 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES 137 SUMMARY 137 REVIEW 138 REVIEW QUESTIONS 138 EXERCISES 140 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 140 REFERRED STANDARDS 140 RECOMMENDED READING 141 BOOKS 141 URLS 141 REFERENCES 141 6 DENSE WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING 143 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES 143 INTRODUCTION 144 WHAT IS WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING? 146 STANDARDIZATION 147 WDM FUNDAMENTALS 148 BANDWIDTH EXPLOSION 155 OPTICAL TRANSMISSION CHALLENGES 158 LINEAR CHARACTERISTICS 158 NONLINEARITIES 160 WDM NETWORK COMPONENTS 162 OPTICAL TRANSMITTERS 162 OPTICAL RECEIVERS 162 COUPLERS 163 OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS 163 REGENERATORS 164 PASSIVE ROUTERS 165 WAVELENGTH SELECTIVE SWITCH 165 WAVELENGTH CONVERTERS 165 WAVELENGTH ADD/DROP MULTIPLEXERS 166 DWDM LINKS 167 SUMMARY 169 REVIEW 170 REVIEW QUESTIONS 170 EXERCISES 171 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 171 REFERRED STANDARDS 171 RECOMMENDED READING 172 BOOKS 172 URLS 172 JOURNALS 173 REFERENCES 173 7 NEXT GENERATION OPTICAL NETWORKS 175 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES 175 INTRODUCTION 176 OPTICAL TRANSPORT NETWORKS 177 OTN HIERARCHY 178 OTN ARCHITECTURE 178 OTN INTERFACES 180 KEY FEATURES OF AN OTN 181 IP OVER DWDM ARCHITECTURE 183 ENHANCED ROUTER INTERFACES 184 ADVANCED ROADM TECHNOLOGY 185 TRANSPARENT OPTICAL TRANSPORT WITH TRAFFIC PROTECTION 185 IP/MPLS OPTICAL CORE NETWORKS 186 NEXT-GENERATION PACKET OPTICAL TRANSPORT NETWORK 187 GENERALIZED MULTIPROTOCOL LABEL SWITCHING 187 PACKET OPTICAL EVOLUTION OR THE PACKET OPTICAL TRANSPORT SERVICE 189 SPACE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING 189 SUMMARY 190 REVIEW 191 REVIEW QUESTIONS 191 EXERCISES 193 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 193 REFERRED STANDARDS 193 RECOMMENDED READING 194 BOOKS 194 URLS 194 JOURNALS 194 REFERENCES 195 8 OPTICAL ACCESS NETWORKS 197 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES 197 INTRODUCTION 198 BROADBAND ACCESS NETWORKS (CABLE) 199 DOCSIS 200 CONVERGED CABLE ACCESS PLATFORM 201 OPTICAL FIBER ACCESS NETWORKS 202 PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORK—ARCHITECTURE AND FUNCTIONING 205 WDM TECHNOLOGIES 207 NEXT GENERATION PONS 208 SUMMARY 208 REVIEW 209 REVIEW QUESTIONS 209 EXERCISES 210 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 211 REFERRED STANDARDS 211 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 212 BOOKS 212 URLS 213 JOURNALS 213 REFERENCES 213 PART OPERATION, MAINTAINANCE, AND TROUBLESHOOTING OF OPTICAL NETWORKS 215 9 TROUBLESHOOTING FIBER PLANTS 217 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES 217 INTRODUCTION 218 VISUAL INSPECTION TECHNIQUES 219 TRACING 219 VISUAL FAULT LOCATION 219 USING FIBERSCOPES 220 OPTICAL POWER MEASUREMENTS 221 ABSOLUTE VERSUS RELATIVE POWER MEASUREMENTS 221 PROCEDURE FOR MEASURING OPTICAL POWER 222 LOSS MEASUREMENTS 222 CLEANING CONNECTORS 223 IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS 224 STANDARD PRECAUTIONS 225 CLEANING PROCEDURE 225 SPLICING TECHNIQUES 227 USING AN OPTICAL TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER 228 WORKING 228 OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS 229 OTDR TESTING PREREQUISITES 231 PRECAUTIONS 232 TESTING PROCEDURE 232 ANALYZING OTDR TRACES 232 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 232 ESTIMATING THE ATTENUATION COEFFICIENT 233 SUMMARY 234 REVIEW 236 REVIEW QUESTIONS 236 EXERCISES 238 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 238 REFERRED STANDARDS 238 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 238 BOOKS 238 URLS 239 JOURNALS 239 REFERENCES 239 10 OPTICAL NETWORK TESTING AND TROUBLESHOOTING PROCEDURES 241 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES 241 INTRODUCTION 242 TESTING AND TROUBLESHOOTING LONG HAUL NETWORKS 242 GENERAL GUIDELINES 243 PREINSTALLATION CHECKS 243 POSTINSTALLATION TESTS 243 TEST DESCRIPTION 243 TROUBLESHOOTING OPTICAL TERMINATION POINTS/ SHORT HAUL SEGMENTS/NETWORKS 248 CONTINUITY TESTING 249 POWER MEASUREMENT 250 CONNECTOR INSPECTION 250 END-TO-END (E2E) LOSS (SINGLE/DOUBLE ENDED) 250 TROUBLESHOOTING CABLING AND CONNECTERIZATION ISSUES 251 OPTICAL CABLING—GENERAL ISSUES 252 DAMAGED OPTICAL CABLES 252 STRETCHED CABLES 252 CONNECTERIZATION ISSUES 253 OPTICAL CABLING—GENERAL GUIDELINES 253 TESTING OPTICAL PATCH CORDS 254 TROUBLESHOOTING OPTICAL PATCHCORD ISSUES 254 TROUBLESHOOTING FTTH NETWORKS 255 TROUBLESHOOTING FTTX NETWORKS BASED ON PON ARCHITECTURE 255 TROUBLESHOOTING DWDM NETWORKS 256 STANDARDIZATION BODIES 257 SUMMARY 259 REVIEW 259 259 259 REFERRED STANDARDS 260 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 264 264 264 264 REFERENCES 265 PART