ELECTRIC POWER STATIONS
CONTENTS 1 OVERVIEW 2 SCOPE 3 SYSTEM PHILOSOPHY GENERAL BASIC DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS SAFETY RELIABILITY COST OPERATION EQUIPMENT APPLICATION MAINTENANCE PLANT EXPANSION GENERAL PLANNING GUIDE LOAD ANALYSIS DEVELOPMENT OF PLANS EVALUATING ALTERNATIVES PREPARING EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS EVALUATING THE BIDS REVIEWING AND FINALIZING DESIGN TRANSMISSION SYSTEM AND GENERATING UNIT CONSIDERATIONS TRANSMISSION SYSTEM GENERATOR UNIT CONNECTIONS STATION SERVICE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS TRANSFORMER DUTY BIBLIOGRAPHY 4 STARTUP AND SHUTDOWN REQUIREMENTS POWER REQUIREMENTS CONTINUOUS CAPABILITY SHORT-TIME OVERLOAD CAPABILITY TRANSIENT OVERLOAD CAPABILITY MARGIN FOR LOAD GROWTH QUALITY OF POWER SOURCE AVAILABILITY FREQUENCY PHASING PHASE BALANCE WAVEFORM VOLTAGE CONTROL STARTUP/SHUTDOWN POWER SUPPLY ARRANGEMENTS AUXILIARY LOADS TRANSFORMER AND GENERATOR LOAD-BREAK SWITCH/ GENERATOR CIRCUIT BREAKER STATION SERVICE TRANSFORMER STATION SERVICE TRANSFORMER AND AUXILIARY TRANSFORMER AUXILIARY TRANSFORMER AND ONSITE POWER SOURCE AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT SUPPLY ARRANGEMENTS EQUIPMENT SEPARATION FOR RELIABILITY EQUIPMENT SEPARATION FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS AUXILIARY BUS TRANSFERS MANUAL TRANSFER AUTOMATIC TRANSFER UNIT CONDITIONS DURING STARTUP/SHUTDOWN TRANSFERS PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS TURBINE-GENERATOR AUXILIARY SYSTEMS BURNER MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ELECTRICAL PROTECTION SYSTEMS INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS MISCELLANEOUS SYSTEMS DC, DC/AC, AND AC/DC POWER SOURCES STORAGE BATTERY BATTERY CHARGER INVERTER UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY (UPS) MOTOR-GENERATOR (M-G) SET ONSITE AC POWER SOURCES DIESEL-ENGINE GENERATORS GASOLINE AND GAS-ENGINE GENERATORS TURBINE-DRIVEN GENERATORS 5 NOMINAL SYSTEM VOLTAGE NORMATIVE REFERENCES DEFINITIONS PREFERRED NOMINAL SYSTEM VOLTAGES ACCEPTABLE VOLTAGE RANGES EQUIPMENT RATINGS EFFECTS OF VOLTAGE VARIATION IN UTILIZATION EQUIPMENT GENERAL EFFECTS INDUCTION MOTORS SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS INCANDESCENT LAMPS FLUORESCENT LAMPS HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMPS INFRARED HEATING PROCESS RESISTANCE HEATING DEVICES ELECTRON TUBES CAPACITORS SOLENOIDS SOLID-STATE EQUIPMENT CONTROL RELAYS AND MAGNETIC STARTERS TRANSFORMERS MEDIUM-VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LOW-VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 6 FAULT CONSIDERATIONS AC FAULT CURRENT—AC COMPONENT ROTATING MACHINE REACTANCE GENERATOR CONTRIBUTION SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR CONTRIBUTION INDUCTION MOTOR CONTRIBUTION TRANSMISSION SYSTEM CONTRIBUTION OTHER SOURCES TOTAL AC WAVEFORM AC FAULT CURRENT—DC COMPONENT SYMMETRY AND ASYMMETRY INDUCTIVE CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS INITIAL MAGNITUDE EFFECT OF RESISTANCE DC OFFSET RMS VALUE OF TOTAL ASYMMETRICAL CURRENT MULTIPLYING FACTORS FAULT TYPES AND MAGNITUDES TYPES OF FAULTS MAGNITUDES FROM SYMMETRICAL COMPONENT THEORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES AND EQUIPMENT SHORT-CIRCUIT RATINGS CIRCUIT BREAKERS FUSES RELAYS OTHER EQUIPMENT FAULT CALCULATION TOOLS SINGLE-LINE DIAGRAM SELECTION OF FAULT LOCATION TYPE OF FAULT IMPEDANCE DIAGRAM PER-UNIT SYSTEM EQUIVALENT IMPEDANCE SYSTEM X/R RATIO SYMMETRICAL FAULT CURRENT DETERMINATION MULTIPLIERS ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS AC FAULT CALCULATION PROCEDURE FAULT DUTY TYPE 1 FAULT DUTY TYPE 2 FAULT DUTY TYPE 3 FAULT DUTY TYPE 4 DC SYSTEM FAULT CURRENT SOURCES OF DC FAULT CURRENT CIRCUIT PROTECTION TOTAL DC FAULT CURRENT DC FAULT CALCULATION PROCEDURE ANNEX 6A (INFORMATIVE) SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATION EXAMPLES 6A 1 SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATION FOR A GENERATOR 6A 2 EXAMPLE OF A SHORT-CIRCUIT CALCULATION FOR A POWER SYSTEM WITH SEVERAL VOLTAGE LEVELS 6A 3 EXAMPLE OF SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATION FOR A DC SYSTEM 7 SYSTEM PROTECTION PURPOSE PLANT OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS DESIGN FEATURES PLANNING A PROTECTIVE SYSTEM SYSTEM ARRANGEMENT BASIC RELAYING FEATURES ZONES OF PROTECTION AND COORDINATION TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTECTIVE DEVICES OVERCURRENT PROTECTION RELAYS OVERCURRENT RELAYS WITH VOLTAGE RESTRAINT OR VOLTAGE CONTROL GROUND RELAYS DIRECTIONAL RELAYS VOLTAGE RELAYS DIFFERENTIAL CURRENT RELAYS PRESSURE AND GAS-SENSING RELAYS PRINCIPLES OF RELAY APPLICATIONS TRANSFORMER PROTECTION MOTOR PROTECTION SWITCHGEAR, SUBSTATION, AND MOTOR CONTROL CENTER PROTECTION CABLE PROTECTION 8 SYSTEM GROUNDING FOREWORD TRANSIENT OVERVOLTAGES 480 V SYSTEMS SELECTION OF GROUNDING METHOD UNGROUNDED SYSTEMS GROUND-FAULT DAMAGE GROUND-FAULT RELAYING CONSIDERATIONS GROUNDING RESISTANCE VALUE GROUNDING EQUIPMENT CONNECTIONS GROUND-FAULT CURRENT CALCULATIONS RESISTANCE-GROUNDED SYSTEM HIGH-RESISTANCE GROUNDED SYSTEM STANDBY GENERATOR GROUNDING SOLID GROUNDING UNGROUNDED AND HIGH-IMPEDANCE GROUNDING SUMMARY SOLIDLY GROUNDED SYSTEM UNGROUNDED SYSTEM 9 TRANSFORMERS AND VOLTAGE REGULATION SCOPE—SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS DEFINITIONS (ALSO SEE 3 3 2 4 1) VOLTAGE RANGE SPECIFICATION OF TRANSFORMERS SPECIFICATION CONTENT RATING IN KILOVOLTAMPERES SERVICE CONDITIONS VOLTAGE RATINGS AND TAPS INSULATION LEVEL CONNECTIONS IMPEDANCE AND FREQUENCY TERMINAL FACILITIES SURGE PROTECTION SHORT-CIRCUIT CAPABILITY AND RELATED CONDITIONS SOUND LEVEL EVALUATION OF LOSSES ACCESSORIES AND PROTECTIVE DEVICES TESTS TANK AND FOUNDATION REQUIREMENTS SHIPPING REQUIREMENTS VOLTAGE REGULATION VOLTAGE RANGE OF MEDIUM-VOLTAGE BUS VOLTAGE RANGE OF LOW-VOLTAGE BUS VOLTAGE RANGE OF GENERATORS VOLTAGE REGULATION OF UNIT AUXILIARY TRANSFORMERS TOTAL VOLTAGE REGULATION CONSIDERATION TRANSIENT VOLTAGE REGULATION DUE TO MOTOR STARTING METHODS FOR IMPROVEMENT 10 EQUIPMENT USED FOR LOAD SWITCHING AND FAULT ISOLATION SWITCHGEAR CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS LOAD GROUPING FUTURE LOADS MOTOR SIZES CONTROLS AND INTERLOCKS DUTY MATERIALS MOTOR CONTROLLERS SECONDARY UNIT SUBSTATIONS STANDARD CONFIGURATIONS CONTINUOUS RATINGS BREAKER COORDINATION SYSTEM AC CIRCUIT BREAKER FAULT-INTERRUPTING RATINGS DC CIRCUIT BREAKER FAULT INTERRUPTING RATINGS ELECTRICAL PROTECTION, CONTROL, AND INTERLOCKS COMBINATION STARTER PANELS (MOTOR CONTROL CENTERS [MCC]) DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT PROTECTION AND CONTROL INTERLOCKS WIRING PANELBOARDS PANELBOARD RATINGS APPLICATION INSULATION LEVELS OF EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT LAYOUT AND INSTALLATION GROUNDING 10 10 SHIPPING AND STORAGE 10 11 MAINTENANCE FREQUENCY OF INSPECTION ACTIVITIES SPARE PARTS ACCESSORIES 10 12 BIBLIOGRAPHY 11 ELECTRIC MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS AND APPLICATIONS LARGE POLYPHASE AC MOTORS MULTISPEED MOTORS WOUND-ROTOR INDUCTION MOTOR SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS (SALIENT POLE TYPE) AC ADJUSTABLE-SPEED DRIVES INTEGRAL HORSEPOWER (MEDIUM) AC MOTORS GENERAL PURPOSE AC MOTOR CLASSIFICATION RATING STRUCTURE POLYPHASE MOTORS—NEMA DESIGN AND CODE LETTERS TEMPERATURE RISE FOR INTEGRAL HORSEPOWER (MEDIUM) AC MOTORS DC MOTORS DC MOTOR TYPES DC MOTOR PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIPS AC MOTOR APPLICATIONS MOTOR SELECTION FACTORS PUMP DRIVE APPLICATIONS FAN DRIVE APPLICATIONS COAL PULVERIZER APPLICATIONS HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL MOTOR APPLICATION CONSIDERATIONS MOTOR OPERATED VALVE APPLICATIONS FOR INTEGRAL HORSEPOWER AC MOTORS DC MOTOR APPLICATIONS POWER PLANT APPLICATIONS CONTROL OF DC MOTORS STARTING LARGE AC MOTORS FULL VOLTAGE STARTING REDUCED VOLTAGE STARTING MOTOR MODIFICATIONS FOR STARTING FREQUENCY OF STARTS EFFECTS OF SYSTEM OPERATING CONDITIONS ON MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS VOLTAGE AND FREQUENCY VARIATION 11 10 EFFECTS OF MOTOR OPERATION ON THE POWER SYSTEM MOTOR STARTING VOLTAGE DIP MOTOR SHORT-CIRCUIT CONTRIBUTIONS BUS TRANSFER OR FAST REAPPLICATION OF POWER (RECLOSING) FOR LARGE AC MOTORS 11 11 MOTOR PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS PROTECTION OF MOTOR WINDINGS PROTECTION RELATED TO MECHANICAL PROBLEMS SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR PROTECTION BUS TRANSFER PROTECTION 11 12 EFFECTS OF SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS ON MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS LOW-VOLTAGE STARTING AND/OR HIGH STARTING TORQUE CAPABILITY OF ACCELERATING HIGH INERTIA LOAD LOW STARTING CURRENT HIGH AMBIENT TEMPERATURE 11 13 EFFECTS OF EXCEEDING SPECIFIED MOTOR CAPABILITIES MECHANICAL OVERLOAD CONTINUOUS OPERATING VOLTAGE OPERATION OUTSIDE SPECIFIED FREQUENCY VARIATION STARTING VOLTAGE BELOW SPECIFIED MINIMUM EXCESSIVE FREQUENCY OF STARTING 11 14 MOTOR ENCLOSURES ENCLOSURE DEFINITIONS MOTOR ENCLOSURE APPLICATION IN POWER PLANT ENVIRONMENT 11 15 MOTOR BEARINGS 11 16 MAINTENANCE 11 17 RELATIONSHIPS USED IN AC MOTOR PERFORMANCE AND SYSTEM CALCULATIONS INDUCTION MOTOR EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT INDUCTION MOTOR TORQUE MOTOR AND DRIVEN EQUIPMENT ACCELERATION 12 CABLES AND OTHER CONDUCTORS INSULATED CABLE CABLE APPLICATION CRITERIA CABLE TERMINOLOGY CABLE COMPONENTS CABLE CHARACTERISTICS CABLE SYSTEM DESIGN INSTALLATION PRACTICE DESIGN GUIDES AND PRACTICES NONSEGREGATED PHASE BUS CONDUCTORS AND ENCLOSURES TEMPERATURE LIMITATIONS ON AMBIENT AIR 13 PHYSICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS SERVICE TRANSFORMERS UNIT AUXILIARIES TRANSFORMERS STATION SERVICE (STARTUP) TRANSFORMERS UNIT SUBSTATION (LOAD-CENTER) TRANSFORMERS LIGHTING TRANSFORMERS MEDIUM-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR (GREATER THAN 600 V) LOAD CENTERS (UNIT SUBSTATIONS) (600 V OR LESS) MOTOR CONTROL CENTERS SPACE, GROWTH, AND CABLE ENTRY SPACE GROWTH CABLE ENTRY AMBIENT TEMPERATURE ELEVATION EXPECTED LIFE AND RELIABILITY MECHANICAL FAILURES CHEMICAL FAILURES COMMON EVENT FAILURES ENCLOSURES NEMA ENCLOSURES HAZARDOUS (CLASSIFIED) LOCATIONS DIVISION 2 LOCATIONS STATION BATTERY SYSTEM HYDROGEN AND WELDING GAS STORAGE ASH-HANDLING LOCATIONS INDOOR VERSUS OUTDOOR 13 10 FLOODING 13 11 NOISE PLANNING 13 12 FIRE PROTECTION UNPROTECTED AREAS FLAMMABLE LIQUID HAZARD CONTROL ROOMS AND CONSOLES COAL-HANDLING AREAS TRANSFORMER AREAS STEAM TURBINE (HYDROGEN-COOLED) GENERATORS COOLING TOWERS 13 13 BIBLIOGRAPHY