CIRCUIT DESIGN HANDBOOK
CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: THE FUNDAMENTALS ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS PASSIVE COMPONENTS DC CIRCUITS ALTERNATING VOLTAGE AND CURRENT CIRCUIT SIMULATION INTUITIVE CIRCUIT DESIGN TROUBLESHOOTING BASIC REFERENCES CHAPTER 2: THE SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE CHAPTER 3: UNDERSTANDING DIODES AND THEIR PROBLEMS SPEED DEMONS TURN ’EM OFF—TURN ’EM ON OTHER STRANGE THINGS THAT DIODES CAN DO TO YOU ZENER, ZENER, ZENER DIODES THAT GLOW IN THE DARK, EFFICIENTLY OPTOISOLATORS ASSAULT AND BATTERY CHAPTER 4: BIPOLAR TRANSISTORS CHAPTER 5: FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS CHAPTER 6: IDENTIFYING AND AVOIDING TRANSISTOR PROBLEMS MORE BETA—MORE BETTER? FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS POWER TRANSISTORS MAY HOG CURRENT APPLY THE 5-SECOND RULE FABRICATION STRUCTURES MAKE A DIFFERENCE POWER-CIRCUIT DESIGN REQUIRES EXPERTISE MOSFETS AVOID SECONDARY BREAKDOWN CHAPTER 7: DIGITAL CIRCUIT FUNDAMENTALS DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY CHAPTER 8: NUMBER SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION DECIMAL–UNSIGNED BINARY CONVERSION SIGNED BINARY NUMBERS GRAY CODE BINARY CODED DECIMAL OCTAL-BINARY CONVERSION HEXADECIMAL-BINARY CONVERSION CHAPTER 9: BINARY DATA MANIPULATION LOGICAL OPERATIONS BOOLEAN ALGEBRA COMBINATIONAL LOGIC GATES TRUTH TABLES CHAPTER 10: COMBINATIONAL LOGIC DESIGN NAND AND NOR LOGIC KARNAUGH MAPS DON’T CARE CONDITIONS CHAPTER 11: SEQUENTIAL LOGIC DESIGN LEVEL SENSITIVE LATCHES AND EDGE-TRIGGERED FLIP-FLOPS THE D LATCH AND D-TYPE FLIP-FLOP COUNTER DESIGN STATE MACHINE DESIGN MOORE VERSUS MEALY STATE MACHINES SHIFT REGISTERS DIGITAL SCAN PATH CHAPTER 12: MEMORY RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY READ-ONLY MEMORY CHAPTER 13: SELECTING A DESIGN ROUTE DISCRETE IMPLEMENTATION MASK PROGRAMMABLE ASICS FIELD-PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC VHDL CHOOSING A DESIGN ROUTE CHAPTER 14: DESIGNING WITH LOGIC ICS LOGIC ICS CHAPTER 15: INTERFACING MIXING ANALOG AND DIGITAL GENERATING DIGITAL LEVELS FROM ANALOG INPUTS PROTECTION AGAINST EXTERNALLY APPLIED OVERVOLTAGES ISOLATION CLASSIC DATA INTERFACE STANDARDS HIGH-PERFORMANCE DATA INTERFACE STANDARDS CHAPTER 16: DSP AND DIGITAL FILTERS ORIGINS OF REAL-WORLD SIGNALS AND THEIR UNITS OF MEASUREMENT REASONS FOR PROCESSING REAL-WORLD SIGNALS GENERATION OF REAL-WORLD SIGNALS METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES AVAILABLE FOR PROCESSING REAL-WORLD SIGNALS ANALOG VERSUS DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING A PRACTICAL EXAMPLE FINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE (FIR) FILTERS FIR FILTER IMPLEMENTATION IN DSP HARDWARE USING CIRCULAR BUFFERING DESIGNING FIR FILTERS INFINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE (IIR) FILTERS IIR FILTER DESIGN TECHNIQUES MULTIRATE FILTERS ADAPTIVE FILTERS CHAPTER 17: DEALING WITH HIGH-SPEED LOGIC REFERENCES ON DEALING WITH HIGH-SPEED LOGIC CHAPTER 18: BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN ANALOG AND DIGITAL TRY TO MEASURE TEMPERATURE DIGITALLY ROAD BLOCKS ABOUND THE ULTIMATE KEY TO ANALOG SUCCESS HOW ANALOG AND DIGITAL DESIGN DIFFER TIME AND ITS INVERSION ORGANIZING YOUR TOOLBOX SET YOUR FOUNDATION AND MOVE ON, OUT OF THE BOX CHAPTER 19: OP-AMPS THE MAGICAL MYSTERIOUS OP-AMP UNDERSTANDING OP-AMP PARAMETERS MODELING OP-AMPS FINDING THE PERFECT OP-AMP CHAPTER 20: ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTERS ADCS TYPES OF ADCS ADC COMPARISON SAMPLE AND HOLD REAL PARTS MICROPROCESSOR INTERFACING CLOCKED INTERFACES SERIAL INTERFACES MULTICHANNEL ADCS INTERNAL MICROCONTROLLER ADCS CODECS INTERRUPT RATES DUAL-FUNCTION PINS ON MICROCONTROLLERS DESIGN CHECKLIST CHAPTER 21: SENSORS INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS TRANSDUCERS SENSORS SWITCHES SEMICONDUCTOR TEMPERATURE SENSORS THERMOCOUPLES THRESHOLD DETECTION OUTPUTS LED INDICATORS DRIVING HIGH-CURRENT LOADS AUDIBLE OUTPUTS MOTORS DRIVING MAINS CONNECTED LOADS CHAPTER 22: ACTIVE FILTERS FUNDAMENTALS OF LOW-PASS FILTERS LOW-PASS FILTER DESIGN HIGH-PASS FILTER DESIGN BAND-PASS FILTER DESIGN BAND-REJECTION FILTER DESIGN ALL-PASS FILTER DESIGN PRACTICAL DESIGN HINTS FILTER COEFFICIENT TABLES CHAPTER 23: RADIO-FREQUENCY (RF) CIRCUITS MODULATION OF RADIO WAVES LOW-POWER RF AMPLIFIERS STABILITY LINEARITY NOISE AND DYNAMIC RANGE IMPEDANCES AND GAIN MIXERS DEMODULATORS OSCILLATORS CHAPTER 24: SIGNAL SOURCES VOLTAGE REFERENCES NONSINUSOIDAI WAVEFORM GENERATORS SINE WAVE GENERATORS VOLTAGE-CONTROLLED OSCILLATORS AND PHASE DETECTORS CHAPTER 25: EDA DESIGN TOOLS FOR ANALOG AND RF THE OLD PENCIL AND PAPER DESIGN PROCESS IS YOUR SIMULATION FUNDAMENTALLY VALID? MACROMODELS: WHAT CAN THEY DO? VHDL-AMS CHAPTER 26: USEFUL CIRCUITS BOUNDARY CONDITIONS AMPLIFIERS COMPUTING CIRCUITS SOME FAVORITE CIRCUITS CHAPTER 27: PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC TO ASICS PROGRAMMABLE READ-ONLY MEMORY (PROM) PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC ARRAYS (PLAS) PROGRAMMABLE ARRAY LOGIC (PALS) THE MASKED GATE ARRAY ASIC CPLDS AND FPGAS SUMMARY CHAPTER 28: COMPLEX PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC DEVICES (CPLDS) CPLD ARCHITECTURES FUNCTION BLOCKS I/O BLOCKS CLOCK DRIVERS INTERCONNECT CPLD TECHNOLOGY AND PROGRAMMABLE ELEMENTS EMBEDDED DEVICES SUMMARY: CPLD SELECTION CRITERIA CHAPTER 29: FIELD PROGRAMMABLE GATE ARRAYS (FPGAS) FPGA ARCHITECTURES CONFIGURABLE LOGIC BLOCKS CONFIGURABLE I/O BLOCKS PROGRAMMABLE INTERCONNECT CLOCK CIRCUITRY SRAM VS ANTIFUSE PROGRAMMING EMULATING AND PROTOTYPING ASICS CHAPTER 30: DESIGN AUTOMATION AND TESTING FOR FPGAS SIMULATION LIBRARIES SYNTHESIS PHYSICAL DESIGN FLOW PLACE AND ROUTE TIMING ANALYSIS DESIGN PITFALLS VHDL ISSUES FOR FPGA DESIGN CHAPTER 31: INTEGRATING PROCESSORS ONTO FPGAS A SIMPLE EMBEDDED PROCESSOR SOFT CORE PROCESSORS ON AN FPGA CHAPTER 32: IMPLEMENTING DIGITAL FILTERS IN VHDL CONVERTING S-DOMAIN TO Z-DOMAIN IMPLEMENTING Z-DOMAIN FUNCTIONS IN VHDL BASIC LOW-PASS FILTER MODEL FIR FILTERS IIR FILTERS CHAPTER 33: MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCONTROLLER OVERVIEW MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEMS SINGLE-CHIP MICROCOMPUTERS MICROCONTROLLERS DATA TYPES DATA STORAGE THE MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR OPERATION A MICROCONTROLLER SYSTEM CHAPTER 34: MICROCONTROLLER TOOLBOX MICROCONTROLLER SUPPLY AND REFERENCE RESISTOR NETWORKS MULTIPLE INPUT CONTROL AC CONTROL VOLTAGE MONITORS AND SUPERVISORY CIRCUITS DRIVING BIPOLAR TRANSISTORS DRIVING MOSFETS READING NEGATIVE VOLTAGES EXAMPLE CONTROL SYSTEM CHAPTER 35: POWER SUPPLY OVERVIEW AND SPECIFICATIONS POWER SUPPLIES SPECIFICATIONS OFF-THE-SHELF OR ROLL YOUR OWN CHAPTER 36: INPUT AND OUTPUT PARAMETERS VOLTAGE CURRENT FUSES SWITCH-ON SURGE, OR INRUSH CURRENT WAVEFORM DISTORTION AND INTERFERENCE FREQUENCY EFFICIENCY DERIVING THE INPUT VOLTAGE FROM THE OUTPUT LOW-LOAD CONDITION RECTIFIER AND CAPACITOR SELECTION LOAD AND LINE REGULATION RIPPLE AND NOISE TRANSIENT RESPONSE CHAPTER 37: BATTERIES INITIAL CONSIDERATIONS PRIMARY CELLS SECONDARY CELLS CHARGING CHAPTER 38: LAYOUT AND GROUNDING FOR ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS THE SIMILARITIES OF ANALOG AND DIGITAL LAYOUT PRACTICES WHERE THE DOMAINS DIFFER—GROUND PLANES CAN BE A PROBLEM WHERE THE BOARD AND COMPONENT PARASITICS CAN DO THE MOST DAMAGE LAYOUT TECHNIQUES THAT IMPROVE ADC ACCURACY AND RESOLUTION THE ART OF LAYING OUT TWO-LAYER BOARDS CURRENT RETURN PATHS WITH OR WITHOUT A GROUND PLANE LAYOUT TRICKS FOR A 12-BIT SENSING SYSTEM GENERAL LAYOUT GUIDELINES—DEVICE PLACEMENT GENERAL LAYOUT GUIDELINES—GROUND AND POWER SUPPLY STRATEGY SIGNAL TRACES DID I SAY BYPASS AND USE AN ANTI-ALIASING FILTER? BYPASS CAPACITORS ANTI-ALIASING FILTERS PCB DESIGN CHECKLIST CHAPTER 39: SAFETY THE HAZARDS OF ELECTRICITY SAFETY CLASSES INSULATION TYPES DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR SAFETY PROTECTION FIRE HAZARD CHAPTER 40: DESIGN FOR PRODUCTION CHECKLIST THE DANGERS OF ESD CHAPTER 41: TESTABILITY IN-CIRCUIT TESTING FUNCTIONAL TESTING BOUNDARY SCAN AND JTAG DESIGN TECHNIQUES CHAPTER 42: RELIABILITY DEFINITIONS THE COST OF RELIABILITY DESIGN FOR RELIABILITY THE VALUE OF MTBF FIGURES DESIGN FAULTS CHAPTER 43: THERMAL MANAGEMENT USING THERMAL RESISTANCE HEATSINKS POWER SEMICONDUCTOR MOUNTING PLACEMENT AND LAYOUT