FIXED BROADBAND WIRELESS SYSTEM DESIGN
CONTENTS FIXED BROADBAND WIRELESS SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION EVOLUTION OF WIRELESS SYSTEMS MODELS FOR WIRELESS SYSTEM DESIGN DEMAND FOR COMMUNICATION SERVICES LICENSED FREQUENCY BANDS LICENSE-EXEMPT BANDS TECHNICAL STANDARDS IEEE 802 11 STANDARDS IEEE 802 16 STANDARDS ETSI BRAN STANDARDS FIXED, PORTABLE, AND MOBILE TERMINALS TYPES OF FIXED WIRELESS NETWORKS POINT-TO-POINT (PTP) NETWORKS CONSECUTIVE POINT AND MESH NETWORKS POINT-TO-MULTIPOINT (PMP) NETWORKS NLOS POINT-TO-MULTIPOINT NETWORKS ORGANIZATION OF THIS BOOK FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN FIXED BROADBAND WIRELESS CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE PROPAGATION MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS AND WAVE EQUATIONS PLANE AND SPHERICAL WAVES IMPEDANCE OF FREE SPACE AND OTHER TRANSMISSION MEDIA POWER IN A PLANE WAVE SPHERICAL WAVES LINEAR, CIRCULAR, ELLIPTICAL, AND ORTHOGONAL POLARIZATIONS FREE-SPACE PROPAGATION PATH ATTENUATION BETWEEN TWO ANTENNAS FIELD STRENGTH AT A DISTANCE RE?ECTION SPECULAR RE?ECTION PHYSICAL OPTICS RE?ECTIONS FROM ROUGH SURFACES DIFFRACTION WEDGE DIFFRACTION KNIFE-EDGE DIFFRACTION FRESNEL ZONES AND PATH CLEARANCE MATERIAL TRANSMISSION TRANSMISSION INTO STRUCTURES TRANSMISSION THROUGH FOLIAGE ATMOSPHERIC REFRACTION STATISTICS OF VARYING REFRACTIVITY GRADIENTS SUB-REFRACTION SUPER-REFRACTION AND DUCTING ATMOSPHERIC ABSORPTION RAIN ATTENUATION AND DEPOLARIZATION FREE-SPACE OPTICS (FSO) PROPAGATION BEAM DIVERGENCE FOG, SNOW, AND RAIN ATTENUATION ATMOSPHERIC SCINTILLATION PROPAGATION AND CHANNEL MODELS MODEL CLASSI?CATIONS FADING MODELS THEORETICAL, EMPIRICAL, AND PHYSICAL MODELS THEORETICAL CHANNEL MODELS THEORETICAL, NON-TIME-DISPERSIVE THEORETICAL, TIME-DISPERSIVE EMPIRICAL CHANNEL MODELS EMPIRICAL, NON-TIME-DISPERSIVE EMPIRICAL, TIME-DISPERSIVE PHYSICAL CHANNEL MODELS PHYSICAL, NON-TIME-DISPERSIVE, NOT SITE-SPECI?C PHYSICAL, NON-TIME-DISPERSIVE, SITE-SPECI?C PHYSICAL, TIME-DISPERSIVE, SITE-SPECI?C GENERIC WIDEBAND CHANNEL MODEL WIDEBAND CHANNEL RESPONSE TIME–VARIANT AND STATIC CHANNELS TAPPED DELAY LINE MODEL FREQUENCY DOMAIN REPRESENTATIONS EMPIRICAL MODELS IEEE 802 16 (SUI) MODELS COST-231 HATA MODEL MMDS BAND EMPIRICAL PATH LOSS 3D PATH LOSS SURFACE MODELS PHYSICAL MODELS FREE SPACE + RMD LINE-OF-SIGHT ASSESSMENT LOS PATH ANALYSIS NLOS PATH ANALYSIS MULTIPLE OBSTACLE ANALYSIS EPSTEIN–PETERSON METHOD DEYGOUT METHOD LONGLEY–RICE MODEL TIREM MODEL ANDERSON 2D MODEL NLOS DOMINANT RAY PATH LOSS MODEL BUILDING CLUTTER LOSS RAY-TRACING SIMPLI?ED INDOOR MODEL LINK PERFORMANCE WITH FADING ATMOSPHERIC FADING MODELS MICROWAVE MULTIPATH FADING MECHANISMS VIGANTS–BARNETT MODEL ITU-R P 530-8 MODEL DISPERSIVE (FREQUENCY-SELECTIVE) FADING COHERENCE BANDWIDTH DISPERSIVE FADE MARGIN RAIN FADING MODELS CRANE RAIN FADE MODEL SHORT-RANGE RAIN FADING OTHER PRECIPITATION LOSSES CROSS-POLARIZATION DISCRIMINATION FADING MODEL CORRELATED RAIN FADING MODEL FREE SPACE OPTICS FOG FADING MODELS FADING MODELS FOR NLOS LINKS NLOS MULTIPATH FADING MODELS RAYLEIGH DISTRIBUTION RICIAN DISTRIBUTION NAKAGAMI DISTRIBUTION NLOS SHADOW FADING MODELS COMPOSITE FADING–SHADOWING DISTRIBUTIONS CONCLUSION PROPAGATION ENVIRONMENT MODELS TOPOGRAPHY TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS TERRAIN DEMS DEM DATA FROM SATELLITE AND AERIAL IMAGERY BUILDINGS AND OTHER STRUCTURES VECTOR BUILDING DATABASES CANOPY BUILDING DATABASES SYSTEM ANALYSIS ERRORS FROM USING CANOPY DATABASES MORPHOLOGY (LAND USE/LAND COVER OR CLUTTER) ATMOSPHERIC AND METEOROLOGY FACTORS ATMOSPHERIC REFRACTIVITY RAIN RATES FOG DATA MOBILE ELEMENTS OF THE PROPAGATION ENVIRONMENT MAPPING FUNDAMENTALS SPHEROIDS, ELLIPSOIDS, AND GEOIDS GEODETIC SYSTEMS, DATUMS, AND DATUM TRANSFORMATIONS MAP PROJECTIONS COORDINATE SYSTEMS FIXED WIRELESS ANTENNA SYSTEMS ANTENNA SYSTEM FUNDAMENTALS RADIATION FROM AN ELEMENTAL DIPOLE ANTENNA DIRECTIVITY AND GAIN ANTENNA RADIATION PATTERNS POLARIZATION ANTENNA EF?CIENCY AND BANDWIDTH ELECTRICAL BEAMTILT, MECHANICAL BEAMTILT, AND NULL FILL RECIPROCITY FIXED NARROW BEAM ANTENNAS HORN ANTENNAS PARABOLIC AND OTHER RE?ECTOR ANTENNAS FIXED BROAD BEAM ANTENNAS HORN ANTENNAS FOR HUB SECTORS ABOVE 10 GHZ HUB SECTOR ANTENNAS FOR MMDS AND U-NII BANDS LINEAR ANTENNA ARRAYS PLANAR ANTENNA ARRAYS DIVERSITY ANTENNA SYSTEMS EMPIRICAL MICROWAVE LINK DIVERSITY IMPROVEMENT ADAPTIVE ANTENNAS OPTIMUM COMBINING MIMO ANTENNA SYSTEMS WAVEGUIDES AND TRANSMISSION LINES WAVEGUIDES TRANSMISSION LINES RADOMES ENGINEERED AND AD HOC ANTENNA INSTALLATIONS MODULATION, EQUALIZERS, AND CODING DIGITAL MODULATION – AMPLITUDE, FREQUENCY, AND PHASE FIXED BROADBAND WIRELESS MODULATION METHODS BPSK, QPSK, ?/4-DQPSK 16QAM, 64QAM, AND 256QAM ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (OFDM) OFDM PEAK-TO-AVERAGE POWER RATIO ERROR PERFORMANCE WITH NOISE AND INTERFERENCE ERROR PERFORMANCE WITH GAUSSIAN NOISE ONLY ERROR PERFORMANCE WITH NOISE AND CONSTANT AMPLITUDE INTERFERENCE 16QAM WITH NOISE AND INTERFERENCE 16QAM WITH 16QAM INTERFERENCE COHERENT QPSK WITH NOISE AND INTERFERENCE DIFFERENTIAL QPSK WITH NOISE AND INTERFERENCE ERROR PERFORMANCE WITH FLAT-FADING SIGNAL AND INTERFERENCE NOISE APPROXIMATION OF INTERFERENCE ERROR PERFORMANCE WITH FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SIGNAL FADING EQUALIZERS TIME DOMAIN SYMBOL EQUALIZERS FREQUENCY DOMAIN EQUALIZERS (FDE) CODING TECHNIQUES AND OVERHEAD BLOCK CODES CYCLIC CODES CONCATENATED CODES INTERLEAVING CONVOLUTIONAL CODES TRELLIS-CODED MODULATION (TCM) CODING GAIN SPACE-TIME CODES MULTIPLE-ACCESS TECHNIQUES INTERSYSTEM MULTIPLE ACCESS INTRASYSTEM MULTIPLE ACCESS DUPLEXING FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (FDMA) FDMA INTERFERENCE CALCULATIONS NOISE POWER COCHANNEL AND ADJACENT CHANNEL INTERFERENCE MULTIPLE INTERFERERS IN LOS NETWORKS SPECTRUM UTILIZATION TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (TDMA) TDMA INTERCELL INTERFERENCE CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (CDMA) FREQUENCY-HOPPING SPREAD SPECTRUM (FHSS) DIRECT SEQUENCE (DS) SPREAD SPECTRUM DOWNLINK INTERFERENCE CALCULATIONS UPLINK INTERFERENCE CALCULATIONS RAKE RECEIVER JOINT (MULTIUSER) DETECTION CDMA BROADBAND STANDARDS SPACE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (SDMA) CARRIER SENSE MULTIPLE ACCESS (CSMA) MULTIPLE ACCESS WITH OFDM MULTICARRIER CDMA (MC-CDMA) ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (OFDMA) OFDM WITH TDMA OFDM WITH CSMA/CA (IEEE 802 11A) OFDM WITH SDMA OFDM MULTIPLE-ACCESS STANDARDS DUPLEXING METHODS FREQUENCY DIVISION DUPLEXING (FDD) TIME DIVISION DUPLEXING (TDD) TDD INTERFERENCE CALCULATIONS CAPACITY SHANNON THEORETICAL CHANNEL CAPACITY CAPACITY IN INTERFERENCE-LIMITED, MULTIUSER SYSTEMS USER CAPACITY COMMERCIAL CAPACITY TRAF?C AND APPLICATION MIX MODELS TRAF?C GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION MODELS RESIDENTIAL DEMOGRAPHIC DATA BUSINESS DEMOGRAPHIC DATA LAND USE DATA BUILDING DATA AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS SERVICE AND APPLICATION TYPES CIRCUIT-SWITCHED TRAF?C MODELS CIRCUIT-SWITCHED QUALITY OF SERVICE (QOS) ERLANG B BLOCKING PROBABILITY ERLANG C BLOCKING PROBABILITY PACKET-SWITCHED TRAF?C MODELS SELF-SIMILAR DATA CHARACTERISTICS PACKET PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS PACKET SIZE DISTRIBUTION PACKETS AND ADU’S PACKET INTERARRIVAL TIME DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION OF THE NUMBER OF PACKETS AND THE PACKET SESSIONS PACKET SESSION INTERVAL DISTRIBUTION PACKET SESSION ARRIVAL DISTRIBUTION ETSI WEB-BROWSING PACKET TRANSMISSION MODEL RANDOM PACKET CLUSTER TRANSMISSION MODEL MULTISOURCE TRAF?C DENSITY MODELS AGGREGATE DATA RATE STATISTICS AGGREGATE DATA RATE STATISTICS WITH PACKET QUEUING (DELAY) INTERNET LATENCY THROUGHPUT APPLICATION MIX BROADCAST AND ON-DEMAND VIDEO APPLICATIONS SINGLE AND MULTILINK SYSTEM DESIGN LONG-RANGE LOS LINKS OVER MIXED PATHS PATH PRO?LE CLEARANCE ANALYSIS PATH CLEARANCE VALIDATION RE?ECTION POINT ANALYSIS LINK BUDGET FADE MARGIN LINK AVAILABILITY (RELIABILITY) MULTIPATH FADE OUTAGE DIVERSITY IMPROVEMENT IN FLAT FADING LINKS SPACE DIVERSITY POLARIZATION DIVERSITY DISPERSIVE (FREQUENCY-SELECTIVE) FADE MARGIN DIVERSITY IMPROVEMENT FOR DISPERSIVE (FREQUENCY-SELECTIVE) CHANNELS FREQUENCY DIVERSITY ANGLE DIVERSITY RAIN FADE OUTAGE 10 2 10 1 LINK AVAILABILITY WITH CRANE RAIN FADE MODEL 10 2 10 2 LINK AVAILABILITY WITH THE ITU-R RAIN FADE MODEL COMPOSITE LINK AVAILABILITY EQUIPMENT FAILURES SHORT-RANGE LOS LINKS IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS BUILDING PATH PRO?LES SHORT-RANGE FADING SHORT-RANGE URBAN RAIN FADING INTERFERENCE DIFFRACTION PATHS OVER BUILDING EDGES URBAN LINK AVAILABILITY FREE SPACE OPTIC (FSO) LINK DESIGN ‘RISER’ AND FSO BACKUP LINKS NLOS LINKS IN URBAN AND RESIDENTIAL ENVIRONMENTS BASIC NLOS PATH LOSS ANTENNA GAIN IN SCATTERING ENVIRONMENTS LOCATION VARIABILITY TIME VARIABILITY (NARROWBAND FADING) TIME DISPERSION AND ARRIVAL ANGLES CHANNEL SPATIAL CORRELATION LINK ADAPTATION MULTIHOP (TANDEM) LINK SYSTEMS PASSIVE REPEATERS CONSECUTIVE POINT NETWORKS MESH NETWORKS NLOS MESH NETWORKS POINT-TO-MULTIPOINT (PMP) NETWORK DESIGN LOS NETWORK DESIGN HUB SITE SELECTION VISIBILITY/SHADOWING ANALYSIS ALGORITHMS FOR EF?CIENT MULTIPLE HUB SITE SELECTIONS HUB TRAF?C/REVENUE POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT HUB SECTOR CON?GURATION CPE BEST SERVER HUB SECTOR ASSIGNMENTS SIGNAL DISTRIBUTION FROM A ROOFTOP LOS NETWORK PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS INTERFERENCE ANALYSIS REDUCED CROSS-POLARIZATION DISCRIMINATION DURING RAIN FADES CORRELATED RAIN FADES IMPACT OF AUTOMATIC POWER CONTROL (APC) COUPLED LINKS ESTIMATING HUB SECTOR CAPACITY REQUIREMENTS LOS NETWORK PERFORMANCE STATISTICS NLOS NETWORK DESIGN NLOS HUB SITE SELECTION COVERAGE/SERVICE AREA CALCULATIONS AUTOMATIC ALGORITHMS FOR HUB SITE SELECTIONS CPE LOCATIONS NLOS NETWORK PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS DOWNLINK SIGNALS FOR BASIC NLOS INTERFERENCE ANALYSIS DOWNLINK INTERFERENCE ANALYSIS UPLINK INTERFERENCE ANALYSIS DYNAMIC MONTE CARLO INTERFERENCE SIMULATION NLOS NETWORK PERFORMANCE STATISTICS W-CDMA INTERFERENCE AND CAPACITY NETWORK DESIGN REVISIONS PMP NETWORK COVERAGE DE?CIENCIES HIGH FRAME ERROR RATES HIGH PACKET DELAY TIMES CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT STRATEGIES FREQUENCY, TIME SLOT, AND CODE PLANNING FIXED ASSIGNMENTS FOR POINT-TO-POINT LOS NETWORKS MULTIPLE INTERFERERS ON A CHANNEL FIXED ASSIGNMENTS FOR LOS PMP NETWORKS LOS NETWORKS CONVENTIONAL CLUSTER FREQUENCY PLANNING IMPACT OF ADAPTIVE ANTENNAS IN FIXED LOS NETWORKS DEMAND-BASED FIXED LOS ASSIGNMENTS NUMBER OF CPES SUPPORTED IN FIXED LOS NETWORKS FIXED ASSIGNMENTS FOR NLOS PMP NETWORKS TARGET S/I RATIO FREQUENCY REUSE DISTANCE CELL LAYOUT AND CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT PATTERNS OPTIMIZING CHANNEL ASSIGNMENTS IN NLOS NETWORKS STEEPEST DESCENT METHOD SIMULATED ANNEALING METHOD (SA) GENETIC OR EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHM METHOD CHANNEL ASSIGNMENTS IN W-CDMA SYSTEMS NLOS NETWORK CAPACITY DYNAMIC FREQUENCY CHANNEL ASSIGNMENTS CENTRALIZED DCA DECENTRALIZED DCA CHANNEL SEGREGATION DYNAMIC PACKET ASSIGNMENT DCA FOR UTRA-TDD NETWORKS OTHER CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES JOINT DETECTION SPECTRUM VECTORS, OCCUPANCY, AND UTILIZATION SPECTRUM VECTORS