CONCISE HANDBOOK OF ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

By Y. ELTAO

CONTENTS ELECTRIC MOTORS INTRODUCTION PRODUCING ROTATION MAGNETIC FIELD AND MAGNETIC FLUX MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY FORCE ON A CONDUCTOR MAGNETIC CIRCUITS MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE (MMF) ELECTRIC CIRCUIT ANALOGY THE AIR-GAP RELUCTANCE AND AIR-GAP FLUX DENSITIES SATURATION MAGNETIC CIRCUITS IN MOTORS TORQUE PRODUCTION MAGNITUDE OF TORQUE THE BEAUTY OF SLOTTING SPECIFIC LOADINGS AND SPECIFIC OUTPUT SPECIFIC LOADINGS TORQUE AND MOTOR VOLUME SPECIFIC OUTPUT POWER – IMPORTANCE OF SPEED ENERGY CONVERSION – MOTIONAL EMF ELEMENTARY MOTOR – STATIONARY CONDITIONS POWER RELATIONSHIPS – CONDUCTOR MOVING AT CONSTANT SPEED EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MOTORING CONDITION BEHAVIOUR WITH NO MECHANICAL LOAD BEHAVIOUR WITH A MECHANICAL LOAD RELATIVE MAGNITUDES OF V AND E, AND EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS OF PRIMITIVE MOTOR – CONCLUSIONS GENERAL PROPERTIES OF ELECTRIC MOTORS OPERATING TEMPERATURE AND COOLING TORQUE PER UNIT VOLUME POWER PER UNIT VOLUME – IMPORTANCE OF SPEED SIZE EFFECTS – SPECIFIC TORQUE AND EFFICIENCY EFFICIENCY AND SPEED RATED VOLTAGE SHORT-TERM OVERLOAD REVIEW QUESTIONS POWER ELECTRONIC CONVERTERS FOR MOTOR DRIVES GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF DRIVES VOLTAGE CONTROL – D C OUTPUT FROM D C SUPPLY SWITCHING CONTROL TRANSISTOR CHOPPER CHOPPER WITH INDUCTIVE LOAD – OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION FEATURES OF POWER ELECTRONIC CONVERTERS D C FROM A C – CONTROLLED RECTIFICATION THE THYRISTOR SINGLE-PULSE RECTIFIER SINGLE-PHASE FULLY CONTROLLED CONVERTER – OUTPUT VOLTAGE AND CONTROL 3-PHASE FULLY CONTROLLED CONVERTER OUTPUT VOLTAGE RANGE FIRING CIRCUITS A C FROM D C SP – SP INVERSION SINGLE-PHASE INVERTER OUTPUT VOLTAGE CONTROL SINUSOIDAL PWM 3-PHASE INVERTER FORCED AND NATURAL COMMUTATION – HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE MATRIX CONVERTERS INVERTER SWITCHING DEVICES BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR (BJT) METAL OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR (MOSFET) INSULATED GATE BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR (IGBT) GATE TURN-OFF THYRISTOR (GTO) CONVERTER WAVEFORMS AND ACOUSTIC NOISE COOLING OF POWER SWITCHING DEVICES THERMAL RESISTANCE ARRANGEMENT OF HEATSINKS AND FORCED AIR COOLING COOLING FANS CONVENTIONAL D C MOTORS FUNCTION OF THE COMMUTATOR OPERATION OF THE COMMUTATOR – INTERPOLES MOTIONAL E M F EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT D C MOTOR – STEADY-STATE CHARACTERISTICS NO-LOAD SPEED PERFORMANCE CALCULATION – EXAMPLE BEHAVIOUR WHEN LOADED BASE SPEED AND FIELD WEAKENING ARMATURE REACTION MAXIMUM OUTPUT POWER TRANSIENT BEHAVIOUR – CURRENT SURGES DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR AND TIME-CONSTANTS SHUNT, SERIES AND COMPOUND MOTORS SHUNT MOTOR – STEADY-STATE OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS SERIES MOTOR – STEADY-STATE OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS UNIVERSAL MOTORS COMPOUND MOTORS FOUR-QUADRANT OPERATION AND REGENERATIVE BRAKING FULL SPEED REGENERATIVE REVERSAL DYNAMIC BRAKING TOY MOTORS D C MOTOR DRIVES THYRISTOR D C DRIVES – GENERAL MOTOR OPERATION WITH CONVERTER SUPPLY MOTOR CURRENT WAVEFORMS DISCONTINUOUS CURRENT CONVERTER OUTPUT IMPEDANCE: OVERLAP FOUR-QUADRANT OPERATION AND INVERSION SINGLE-CONVERTER REVERSING DRIVES DOUBLE SP-CONVERTER REVERSING DRIVES POWER FACTOR AND SUPPLY EFFECTS CONTROL ARRANGEMENTS FOR D C DRIVES CURRENT CONTROL TORQUE CONTROL SPEED CONTROL OVERALL OPERATING REGION ARMATURE VOLTAGE FEEDBACK AND IR COMPENSATION DRIVES WITHOUT CURRENT CONTROL CHOPPER-FED D C MOTOR DRIVES PERFORMANCE OF CHOPPER-FED D C MOTOR DRIVES TORQUE–SPEED CHARACTERISTICS AND CONTROL ARRANGEMENTS D C SERVO DRIVES SERVO MOTORS POSITION CONTROL DIGITALLY CONTROLLED DRIVES INDUCTION MOTORS – ROTATING FIELD, SLIP AND TORQUE OUTLINE OF APPROACH THE ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD PRODUCTION OF ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD FIELD PRODUCED BY EACH PHASE WINDING RESULTANT FIELD DIRECTION OF ROTATION MAIN (AIR-GAP) FLUX AND LEAKAGE FLUX MAGNITUDE OF ROTATING FLUX WAVE EXCITATION POWER AND VA SUMMARY ROTOR CONSTRUCTION SLIP ROTOR INDUCED E M F , CURRENT AND TORQUE ROTOR CURRENTS AND TORQUE – SMALL SLIP ROTOR CURRENTS AND TORQUE – LARGE SLIP INFLUENCE OF ROTOR CURRENT ON FLUX REDUCTION OF FLUX BY ROTOR CURRENT STATOR CURRENT-SPEED CHARACTERISTICS OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF INDUCTION MOTORS METHODS OF STARTING CAGE MOTORS DIRECT STARTING – PROBLEMS STAR/DELTA (WYE/MESH) STARTER AUTOTRANSFORMER STARTER RESISTANCE OR REACTANCE STARTER SOLID-STATE SOFT STARTING STARTING USING A VARIABLE-FREQUENCY INVERTER RUN-UP AND STABLE OPERATING REGIONS HARMONIC EFFECTS – SKEWING HIGH INERTIA LOADS – OVERHEATING STEADY-STATE ROTOR LOSSES AND EFFICIENCY STEADY-STATE STABILITY – PULLOUT TORQUE AND STALLING TORQUE–SPEED CURVES – INFLUENCE OF ROTOR PARAMETERS CAGE ROTOR DOUBLE CAGE ROTORS DEEP BAR ROTORS STARTING AND RUN-UP OF SLIPRING MOTORS INFLUENCE OF SUPPLY VOLTAGE ON TORQUE–SPEED CURVE GENERATING AND BRAKING GENERATING REGION – OVERHAULING LOADS PLUG REVERSAL AND PLUG BRAKING INJECTION BRAKING SPEED CONTROL POLE-CHANGING MOTORS VOLTAGE CONTROL OF HIGH-RESISTANCE CAGE MOTORS SPEED CONTROL OF WOUND-ROTOR MOTORS POWER FACTOR CONTROL AND ENERGY OPTIMISATION VOLTAGE CONTROL SLIP ENERGY RECOVERY (WOUND ROTOR MOTORS) SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION CAPACITOR-RUN MOTORS SPLIT-PHASE MOTORS SHADED-POLE MOTORS SIZE RANGE SCALING DOWN – THE EXCITATION PROBLEM INDUCTION MOTOR EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT SIMILARITY BETWEEN INDUCTION MOTOR AND TRANSFORMER THE IDEAL TRANSFORMER IDEAL TRANSFORMER – NO-LOAD CONDITION, FLUX AND MAGNETISING CURRENT IDEAL TRANSFORMER – NO-LOAD CONDITION, VOLTAGE RATIO IDEAL TRANSFORMER ON LOAD THE REAL TRANSFORMER REAL TRANSFORMER – NO-LOAD CONDITION, FLUX AND MAGNETISING CURRENT REAL TRANSFORMER – LEAKAGE REACTANCE REAL TRANSFORMER ON LOAD – EXACT EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT REAL TRANSFORMER – APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MEASUREMENT OF PARAMETERS SIGNIFICANCE OF EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT PARAMETERS DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDUCTION MOTOR EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT STATIONARY CONDITIONS MODELLING THE ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION PROCESS PROPERTIES OF INDUCTION MOTORS POWER BALANCE TORQUE PERFORMANCE PREDICTION – EXAMPLE LINE CURRENT OUTPUT POWER EFFICIENCY PHASOR DIAGRAM APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS STARTING AND FULL-LOAD RELATIONSHIPS DEPENDENCE OF PULL OUT TORQUE ON MOTOR PARAMETERS ANALYSIS GRAPHICAL INTERPRETATION VIA PHASOR DIAGRAM MEASUREMENT OF PARAMETERS EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT UNDER VARIABLE-FREQUENCY CONDITIONS INVERTER-FED INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVES COMPARISON WITH D C DRIVE INVERTER WAVEFORMS STEADY-STATE OPERATION – IMPORTANCE OF ACHIEVING FULL FLUX TORQUE–SPEED CHARACTERISTICS – CONSTANT V/F OPERATION LIMITATIONS IMPOSED BY THE INVERTER – CONSTANT POWER AND CONSTANT TORQUE REGIONS LIMITATIONS IMPOSED BY MOTOR CONTROL ARRANGEMENTS FOR INVERTER-FED DRIVES OPEN-LOOP SPEED CONTROL CLOSED-LOOP SPEED CONTROL VECTOR (FIELD-ORIENTED) CONTROL TRANSIENT TORQUE CONTROL CYCLOCONVERTER DRIVES STEPPING MOTORS OPEN-LOOP POSITION CONTROL GENERATION OF STEP PULSES AND MOTOR RESPONSE HIGH-SPEED RUNNING AND RAMPING PRINCIPLE OF MOTOR OPERATION VARIABLE RELUCTANCE MOTOR HYBRID MOTOR MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS STATIC TORQUE–DISPLACEMENT CURVES SINGLE-STEPPING STEP POSITION ERROR AND HOLDING TORQUE HALF STEPPING STEP DIVISION – MINI-STEPPING STEADY-STATE CHARACTERISTICS – IDEAL (CONSTANT-CURRENT) DRIVE REQUIREMENTS OF DRIVE PULL-OUT TORQUE UNDER CONSTANT-CURRENT CONDITIONS DRIVE CIRCUITS AND PULL-OUT TORQUE–SPEED CURVES CONSTANT-VOLTAGE DRIVE CURRENT-FORCED DRIVE CHOPPER DRIVE RESONANCES AND INSTABILITY TRANSIENT PERFORMANCE STEP RESPONSE STARTING FROM REST OPTIMUM ACCELERATION AND CLOSED-LOOP CONTROL SYNCHRONOUS, BRUSHLESS D C AND SWITCHED RELUCTANCE DRIVES SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS EXCITED-ROTOR MOTORS EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF EXCITED-ROTOR SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR PHASOR DIAGRAM AND POWER-FACTOR CONTROL STARTING PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS HYSTERESIS MOTORS RELUCTANCE MOTORS CONTROLLED-SPEED SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR DRIVES OPEN-LOOP INVERTER-FED SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR DRIVES SELF-SYNCHRONOUS (CLOSED-LOOP) OPERATION OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS AND CONTROL BRUSHLESS D C MOTORS SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTOR DRIVES TORQUE PREDICTION AND CONTROL POWER CONVERTER AND OVERALL DRIVE CHARACTERISTICS MOTOR/DRIVE SELECTION POWER RANGE FOR MOTORS AND DRIVES MAXIMUM SPEED AND SPEED RANGE LOAD REQUIREMENTS – TORQUE–SPEED CHARACTERISTICS CONSTANT-TORQUE LOAD INERTIA MATCHING FAN AND PUMP LOADS GENERAL APPLICATION CONSIDERATIONS REGENERATIVE OPERATION AND BRAKING DUTY CYCLE AND RATING ENCLOSURES AND COOLING DIMENSIONAL STANDARDS SUPPLY INTERACTION AND HARMONICS