EARTH SCIENCE SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING: SCIENCE AND INSTRUMENTS
CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE AND INSTRUMENTS REFERENCES 2 INTRODUCTION TO MODIS AND AN OVERVIEW OF ASSOCIATED ACTIVITIES 2 1 INTRODUCTION 2 2 BACKGROUND 2 3 MODIS HISTORY 2 4 MODIS SENSOR 2 5 MODIS SCIENCE TEAM AND DATA PRODUCTS 2 6 MODIS DATA PROCESSING 2 7 STATUS AND FOLLOW-ON SYSTEMS 2 7 1 STATUS 2 7 2 FOLLOW-ON SYSTEMS 3 MODIS LEVEL-1B PRODUCTS 3 1 INTRODUCTION 3 2 L1B DATA PRODUCT DESCRIPTION 3 3 L1B CALIBRATION ALGORITHM 3 3 1 THERMAL EMISSIVE BANDS ALGORITHM 3 3 2 REFLECTIVE SOLAR BANDS ALGORITHM 3 4 CODE STANDARDS AND PROPERTIES 3 5 DATA PROCESSING 3 6 DATA PRODUCT RETRIEVAL 3 7 SUMMARY 4 MODIS GEOLOCATION 4 1 INTRODUCTION 4 2 BACKGROUND 4 3 APPROACH 4 3 1 INSTRUMENT GEOMETRY 4 3 2 EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR ORIENTATION 4 3 3 ALGORITHM 4 3 4 ERROR SOURCES 4 3 5 GROUND CONTROL POINTS 4 3 6 GEOLOCATION ERROR ANALYSIS AND REDUCTION METHODOLOGY 4 4 RESULTS 4 4 1 MODIS/TERRA RESULTS 4 4 2 MODIS/AQUA RESULTS 4 5 CONCLUSION AND THE FUTURE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5 INTRODUCTION TO MODIS CLOUD PRODUCTS 5 1 INTRODUCTION 5 2 MODIS INSTRUMENT AND CALIBRATION 5 3 LEVEL-2 CLOUD PRODUCTS 5 3 1 CLOUD MASKING 5 3 2 CLOUD THERMODYNAMIC PHASE 5 3 3 CLOUD TOP PRESSURE AND EFFECTIVE CLOUD AMOUNT 5 3 4 CLOUD OPTICAL AND MICROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5 3 5 CIRRUS REFLECTANCE ALGORITHM 5 4 GLOBAL GRIDDED (LEVEL-3) PRODUCTS 5 5 FUTURE ALGORITHM EFFORTS 5 5 1 DETECTION OF MULTILAYERED CLOUDS 5 5 2 IMPROVED ICE CLOUD MICROPHYSICAL AND OPTICAL MODELS 5 5 3 IMPROVED LAND SPECTRAL ALBEDO MAPS 5 5 4 CLEAR-SKY RADIANCE MAPS 5 6 SUMMARY 6 MODIS OBSERVATION OF AEROSOL LOADING FROM 2000 TO 2004 6 1 INTRODUCTION 6 2 MULTI-YEAR AEROSOL DATASETS 6 3 MODIS AEROSOL RETRIEVAL ALGORITHM AND EXPECTED ACCURACY 6 4 CHARACTERIZATION OF AEROSOL OPTICAL DEPTH DISTRIBUTION 6 5 GLOBAL AND HEMISPHERIC ANALYSIS 6 6 REGIONAL ANALYSIS 6 7 TERRA VS AQUA 6 8 CONCLUSIONS 7 MODIS LAND PRODUCTS AND DATA PROCESSING 7 1 INTRODUCTION 7 2 LAND PRODUCTS AND CHARACTERISTICS 7 3 DATA PRODUCTION 7 3 1 DATA FLOWS 7 3 2 ALGORITHM IMPROVEMENTS 7 3 3 QUALITY ASSURANCE APPROACH 7 3 4 VALIDATION APPROACH 7 4 CONCLUSION 8 OPERATIONAL ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION OF MODIS VISIBLE TO MIDDLE INFRARED LAND SURFACE DATA IN THE CASE OF AN INFINITE LAMBERTIAN TARGET 8 1 INTRODUCTION 8 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 8 3 OPERATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION 8 3 1 SIMPLIFICATION TO ACCOUNT FOR SURFACE PRESSURE 8 3 2 DETAILED COMPUTATIONS 8 4 INPUT AND ANCILLARY DATA 8 4 1 SURFACE PRESSURE 8 4 2 OZONE 8 4 3 WATER VAPOR 8 4 4 AEROSOL OPTICAL THICKNESS 8 5 APPLICATION TO MODIS DATA AND ERROR BUDGET 8 5 1 CALIBRATION UNCERTAINTIES 8 5 2 UNCERTAINTIES ON ANCILLARY DATA PRESSURE 8 5 3 UNCERTAINTIES ON ANCILLARY OZONE AMOUNT 8 5 4 UNCERTAINTIES ON THE WATER VAPOR AMOUNT 8 5 5 UNCERTAINTIES ON EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIP USED TO DETERMINE THE SURFACE REFLECTANCE AT 470 NM AND 645 NM 8 5 6 UNCERTAINTIES ON THE AEROSOL MODEL 8 5 7 OVERALL UNCERTAINTIES 8 5 8 VALIDATION OF THE ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION ALGORITHM 8 6 CONCLUSIONS 9 MODIS SNOW AND SEA ICE PRODUCTS 9 1 INTRODUCTION 9 2 SNOW PRODUCTS 9 2 1 INTRODUCTION 9 2 2 MODIS SNOW-MAPPING APPROACHES 9 2 3 SNOW SWATH PRODUCT 9 2 4 DAILY AND 8-DAY COMPOSITE GRIDDED SNOW (TILE PRODUCTS) 9 2 5 DAILY AND 8-DAY COMPOSITE GLOBAL CLIMATE-MODELING GRID PRODUCTS 9 2 6 MONTHLY SNOW PRODUCTS 9 2 7 VALIDATION 9 3 SEA ICE PRODUCTS 9 3 1 INTRODUCTION AND ALGORITHM DESCRIPTION 9 3 2 CALCULATION OF SEA ICE-SURFACE TEMPERATURE 9 3 3 SWATH PRODUCTS 9 3 4 DAILY AND 8-DAY COMPOSITE GRIDDED SEA ICE PRODUCTS (TILE PRODUCTS) 9 3 5 GLOBAL-SCALE DAILY, 8-DAY COMPOSITE AND MONTHLY GRIDDED PRODUCTS 9 3 6 VALIDATION 9 4 LIMITATIONS INHERENT IN THE SNOW AND SEA ICE PRODUCTS 9 4 1 LAND MASKING IN THE SNOW AND SEA ICE DATA PRODUCTS 9 4 2 CLOUD MASKING 9 5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 10 THE NPOESS PREPARATORY PROJECT 10 1 INTRODUCTION 10 1 1 ORIGINS OF NPP 10 1 2 PROGRAM PHILOSOPHIES 10 2 SENSOR PAYLOAD—PROVIDING CONTINUITY AND EVOLUTION 10 2 1 VIIRS AND TERRA MODIS CONTINUITY 10 2 2 VIIRS AND CONTINUITY OF OPERATIONAL IMAGERS 10 2 3 AQUA AND AURA CONTINUITY 10 2 4 CRIS AND AIRS CONTINUITY 10 2 5 CRIS AND CONTINUITY OF OPERATIONAL SOUNDERS 10 2 6 ATMS AND CONTINUITY OF OPERATIONAL SOUNDERS 10 2 7 OMPS AND CONTINUITY OF RESEARCH SOUNDERS 10 3 SPACECRAFT AND LAUNCH VEHICLE 10 4 ORBIT 10 5 GROUND SEGMENT 10 5 1 DATA DOWNLINK 10 5 2 IDPS 10 5 3 SDS 10 6 MEASUREMENT REQUIREMENTS 10 6 1 IORD 10 6 2 NASA SCIENCE REQUIREMENT 10 6 3 STRATIFICATION 10 6 4 CDR’S AND EDR’S 10 7 SCIENCE GUIDANCE 10 8 SUMMARY 11 THE VISIBLE INFRARED IMAGING RADIOMETER SUITE 11 1 INTRODUCTION 11 1 1 SPECTRAL BAND COMPLIMENT 11 2 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY 11 2 1 SPATIAL/TEMPORAL DESIGN DRIVERS 11 2 2 SPECTRAL/RADIOMETRIC DESIGN DRIVERS 11 3 FOLLOW THE PHOTONS 11 3 1 ROTATING TELESCOPE ASSEMBLY 11 3 2 HALF ANGLE MIRROR 11 3 3 AFT OPTICS 11 3 4 FOCAL PLANES AND DEWAR 11 3 5 ON-BOARD CALIBRATORS 11 4 OPTO-MECHANICAL SYSTEMS 11 4 1 STRUCTURES 11 4 2 CRYORADIATOR 11 4 3 THERMAL CONTROL AND STRAY LIGHT 11 5 ELECTRONICS 11 5 1 SIGNAL PROCESSING AND TRANSMISSION 11 5 2 POWER SUPPLIES AND CONTROL SYSTEMS 11 5 3 OPERATIONAL MODES 12 CONICALLY SCANNED MICROWAVE IMAGER SOUNDER 12 1 INTRODUCTION 12 2 INSTRUMENT OVERVIEW 12 3 CMIS RISK REDUCTION STUDIES WITH HERITAGE SENSORS, AND PROXY DATA 12 3 1 DMSP-SSMIS 12 3 2 CORIOLIS/WINDSAT 12 3 3 NOAA-15, 16 AND 17 AMSU 12 4 DISCUSSIONS 13 ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY MICROWAVE SOUNDER 13 1 INTRODUCTION 13 2 INSTRUMENT OVERVIEW 13 3 ATMS STUDIES WITH A HERITAGE SENSOR: AMSU 13 3 1 AMSU-A TEMPERATURE PROFILES FOR CLIMATE 13 3 2 AMSU-A WEATHER APPLICATION 13 4 DISCUSSIONS 14 INTRODUCTION TO AIRS AND CRIS 14 1 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW 14 2 THE RADIATIVE TRANSFER EQUATION 14 3 RESULTS USING AIRS/AMSU DATA 14 4 FORECAST IMPACT EXPERIMENTS 14 5 COMPARISON OF CRIS AND AIRS 14 6 SUMMARY 15 THE OZONE MAPPING AND PROFILER SUITE 15 1 INTRODUCTION 15 2 NADIR SENSORS 15 3 NADIR RETRIEVAL ALGORITHMS 15 3 1 TOTAL COLUMN OZONE ALGORITHM 15 3 2 NADIR PROFILE OZONE ALGORITHM 15 4 LIMB PROFILER SENSOR 15 5 LIMB PROFILER OZONE ALGORITHM 15 6 LIMB RETRIEVAL CHALLENGES ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND DISCLAIMER 16 ESTIMATING SOLAR UV-B IRRADIANCE AT THE EARTH’S SURFACE USING MULTI-SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING MEASUREMENTS 16 1 INTRODUCTION 16 2 SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING MEASUREMENTS 16 2 1 SATELLITE TOMS OZONE AND BACKSCATTER ULTRAVIOLET MEASUREMENTS 16 2 2 SHUTTLE SOLAR BACKSCATTER ULTRAVIOLET MEASUREMENTS 16 2 3 SATELLITE CLOUD OBSERVATIONS 16 2 4 SATELLITE AEROSOL OBSERVATIONS 16 3 ULTRAVIOLET RADIATIVE TRANSFER MODELS 16 3 1 SCHEME OF UV-B RADIATION MODEL 16 3 2 TWO-STREAM UV-B RADIATION TRANSFER MODELS 16 4 SENSITIVITY STUDY 16 4 1 SENSITIVITY TO SOLAR ZENITH ANGLE 16 4 2 SENSITIVITY TO ATMOSPHERIC OZONE 16 4 3 SENSITIVITY TO SURFACE REFLECTIVITY 16 4 4 SENSITIVITY TO CLOUD OPTICAL DEPTH 16 4 5 SENSITIVITY TO ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS 16 5 THE EFFECTS OF CLOUDS AND AEROSOLS ON UV-B IRRADIANCE 16 5 1 THE EFFECTS OF CLOUD ON THE SURFACE UV-B IRRADIANCE 16 5 2 THE EFFECTS OF AEROSOL ON THE SURFACE UV-B IRRADIANCES 16 5 3 MODEL CALIBRATION 16 6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 17 SURFACE RAIN RATES FROM TROPICAL RAINFALL MEASURING MISSION SATELLITE ALGORITHMS 17 1 INTRODUCTION 17 2 SATELLITE ALGORITHMS AND DATA 17 2 1 V5 ALGORITHMS 17 2 2 V6 ALGORITHMS 17 3 RESULTS 17 3 1 ANNUAL MEANS AND PAIRED T-TESTS 17 3 2 SEASONAL DIFFERENCES 17 3 3 INTERANNUAL VARIATIONS 17 4 SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION 18 USE OF SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING DATA FOR MODELING CARBON EMISSIONS FROM FIRES: A PERSPECTIVE IN NORTH AMERICA 18 1 INTRODUCTION 18 2 CARBON EMISSION ESTIMATION 18 3 FIRE EMISSION PARAMETERS AND MODELING 18 3 1 BURNED AREA 18 3 2 SPATIAL FRAGMENTATION AND TEMPORAL EXPANSION OF BURNED AREA 18 3 3 FUEL LOADING 18 3 4 FUEL TYPE 18 3 5 FRACTION OF FUELS CONSUMED 18 3 6 EMISSION FACTOR 18 3 7 FUEL MOISTURE CONTENT 18 4 SUMMARY 19 TRMM FIRE ALGORITHM, PRODUCT AND APPLICATIONS 19 1 INTRODUCTION 19 1 1 SATELLITE FIRE PRODUCTS 19 1 2 SATELLITE AEROSOL PRODUCT 19 2 TSDIS FIRE ALGORITHMS 19 2 1 NIGHTTIME ALGORITHM 19 2 2 DAYTIME ALGORITHM 19 3 TSDIS FIRE PRODUCTS 19 4 SEASONAL AND INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY 19 4 1 FIRE AND AEROSOL COMPARISON 19 4 2 STATISTICAL EOF ANALYSIS 19 5 DIURNAL CYCLE AND INTRASEASONAL VARIABILITY 19 5 1 DIURNAL CYCLE ALIASING 19 5 2 SINGLE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS 19 6 INTERACTION BETWEEN FIRE AND RAINFALL 19 7 SUMMARY 20 CHINA’S CURRENT AND FUTURE METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE SYSTEMS 20 1 INTRODUCTION 20 2 THE POLAR ORBITING METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITES OF CHINA 20 2 1 THE FIRST GENERATION OF POLAR ORBITING OPERATIONAL METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITES OF CHINA 20 2 2 THE SECOND GENERATION OF POLAR ORBITING OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITES OF CHINA: FY-3 SERIES 20 2 3 PAYLOADS ONBOARD FY-3A 20 2 4 COMPLEMENTARY MISSION 20 3 THE FIRST GENERATION GEOSTATIONARY METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITES OF CHINA 20 3 1 THE FY-2A AND FY-2B SATELLITES 20 3 2 THE FIRST GENERATION OF CHINESE GEOSTATIONARY OPERATIONAL SATELLITE: FY-2C SERIES 20 4 THE PLANNING OF THE SECOND GENERATION GEOSTATIONARY METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITES OF CHINA: FY-4 20 5 SUMMARY 1 INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE AND INSTRUMENTS THE FIRST VOLUME OF THIS BOOK COVERS THE IMPORTANT TOPICS OF EARTH SCIENCE REMOTE SENSING THE VOLUME METHODICALLY COVERS A VARIETY OF EARTH SCIENCE DATA SETS OBTAINED FROM SEVERAL REMOTE SENSING SENSORS, AND IS DIVIDED INTO THREE MAIN SECTIONS, MODERATE RESOLUTION IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER (MODIS) DATA AND DATA PROCESSING; NATIONAL POLAR ORBITING ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITE SYSTEM (NPOESS) AND NPOESS PREPARATORY PROJECT (NPP) MISSIONS; AND SEVERAL OTHER MISSIONS IN SOME WAYS THE DIVISION INTO 3 MAIN COMPONENTS MAKES A LOT OF SENSE: MODIS REPRESENTS ADVANCED GLOBAL EARTH OBSERVING COVERING ALL COMPONENTS OF THE EARTH AS IT PRESENTLY STANDS NPP AND NPOESS REPRESENT ADVANCED FUTURE OBSERVING SYSTEMS AND, IN THE CASE OF NPOESS FUTURE OPERATIONAL SYSTEMS, ALSO RELY ON HERITAGE SENSORS SUCH AS MODIS THE THIRD CATEGORY REPRESENTS EQUALLY VALUABLE OBSERVING SYSTEMS THEY ALL HELP, WE BELIEVE, TO PROVIDE THE READER WITH INFORMATION ABOUT THE EXCITING FIELD OF EARTH SCIENCE SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING (RS) WE PROVIDE HERE A SYNOPSIS OF THE VOLUME, HEAVILY USING MATERIAL PROVIDED IN THE CHAPTERS THEMSELVES THE MATERIAL IS SURELY NOT OURS; IT IS THE AUTHORS’ WORKS, WHICH WE HAVE RELIED ON THE READER IS GUIDED TO REFERENCES AND MORE DETAILED DISCUSSION IN THE CHAPTERS THEMSELVES, WRITTEN BY THE EXPERTS IN THE RELEVANT AREAS THE FIRST MODERATE RESOLUTION IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER (MODIS) (SALOMONSON ET AL , 2006) WAS LAUNCHED IN DECEMBER 1999 ON THE POLAR ORBITING NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION (NASA) EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEM (EOS) TERRA SATELLITE AND THE SECOND MODIS WAS LAUNCHED ON THE POLAR ORBITING AQUA SATELLITE IN MAY, 2002 EACH MODIS ACQUIRES DAILY GLOBAL DATA IN SPECTRAL BANDS—29 WITH 1 KM, 5 WITH 500 M AND 2 WITH 250 M NADIR PIXELS MODIS WAS DESIGNED TO TAKE MEASUREMENTS IN A BROAD SPECTRAL RANGE, AT THREE SPATIAL RESOLUTIONS AND OVER A WIDE FIELD OF VIEW, BEING IDEAL FOR STUDYING DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF THE EARTH SYSTEM ALGORITHMS DEVELOPED BY THE RESEARCHERS AND SCIENTISTS OF THE MODIS SCIENCE TEAM ARE USED TO GENERATE APPROXIMATELY SCIENCE PRODUCTS THAT ARE USED IN FORMULATING A WIDE RANGE OF PARAMETERS THAT ARE NEEDED FOR THE SHORT- AND LONG-TERM STUDIES OF THE EARTH’S LAND, OCEANS, AND ATMOSPHERE BOTH TERRA AND AQUA MODIS ARE CURRENTLY OPERATING ON-ORBIT AND MAKING CONTINUOUS GLOBAL OBSERVATIONS THE MODIS SECTION STARTS WITH A CHAPTER BY VINCENT SALOMONSON, WILLIAM BARNES, AND EDWARD J MASUOKA, INTRODUCTION TO MODIS AND AN OVERVIEW OF