THE LARGE-WAVELENGTH DEFORMATIONS OF THE LITHOSPHERE: MATERIALS FOR A HISTORY OF THE EVOLUTION OF THOUGHT FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO PLATE TECTONICS

By ISABELLA JONES

CONTENTS ABSTRACT CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION TWO KINDS OF DEFORMATION OF THE EARTH’S LITHOSPHERE COPEOGENIC AND FALCOGENIC STRUCTURES: DEFINITION CHAPTER II FLOODING AND DESSICATION—EARLIEST RECORDS AND INTERPRETATIONS FROM MYTH TO SCIENCE: EXOGENIC GEODYNAMICS MYTHOLOGICAL ACCOUNTS GIVING THE WATERS THE ACTIVE ROLE IN INUNDATING OR DESSICATING THE LAND MIDDLE EASTERN MYTHS ARYAN MYTHS EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIAN MYTHS MYTHOLOGICAL ACCOUNTS GIVING THE ROCKY FOUNDATION THE ACTIVE ROLE IN INUNDATING OR DESSICATING THE LAND ANAXIMANDER AND THE ORIGIN OF THE NATURAL SCIENCES IN IONIA FROM ANAXIMANDER TO EMPEDOCLES: FIRE INSIDE A POROUS EARTH AND THE DISCOVERY OF ENDOGENIC GEODYNAMICS CHAPTER III TWO KINDS OF MOVEMENT CAUSED BY THE EARTH’S INTERIOR AT ITS SURFACE: PLATO AND HIS STUDENTS PLATO’S PICTURE OF THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH AND ITS SOURCES ARISTOTLE IN ASSOS: THE FIRST THEORY OF GLOBAL TECTONICS THEOPHRASTUS: BLURRING THE FALCOGENIC/COPEOGENIC DISTINCTION IN THE TRANSITION TO ROMAN AND MEDIEVAL GEOLOGY CHAPTER IV THE MIDDLE AGES: JEAN BURIDAN AND HIS PSEUDO-ISOSTASY GENERAL EARLY MIDDLE AGES LATER MIDDLE AGES (AFTER THE ELEVENTH CENTURY CHURCH REFORM) JEAN BURIDAN’S THEORY ALBERT OF SAXONY CHAPTER V THE RENAISSANCE: PERSISTENCE OF THE ANTIQUE AND MEDIEVAL MODELS IN TECTONICS GEORGIUS AGRICOLA SEBASTIAN MÜNSTER GERHARD MERCATOR CONTENTS CHAPTER VI THE DAWN OF MODERN GEOLOGY: DESCARTES, VARENIUS, STENO, HOOKE, AND THE TWO KINDS OF DEFORMATION OF THE EARTH’S ROCKY RIND DESCARTES AND THE ORIGIN OF THE MODERN IDEAS ON THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF THE EARTH BERNHARDUS VARENIUS AND THE BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY STENO HOOKE CHAPTER VII SCANDINAVIA: FALCOGENY IN ACTION? URBAN HIÄRNE EMANUEL SWEDENBORG CELSIUS AND LINNAEUS CHAPTER VIII KINDS OF UPLIFT IN A HUTTONIAN WORLD AND THE FOREPLAY TO THE CRATERS OF ELEVATION THEORY JOHN RAY: SYNTHESIS OF AN EMPEDOCLEAN EARTH WITH A CARTESIAN EARTH CENTRAL FIRE BEFORE HUTTON: MORO JAMES HUTTON JOHN PLAYFAIR CHAPTER IX LEOPOLD VON BUCH AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE THEORY OF CRATERS OF ELEVATION: ELEVATION AND SUBSIDENCE IN THE POST-HUTTONIAN WORLD LEOPOLD VON BUCH GEORGE POULETT SCROPE CHARLES LYELL AND THE INEVITABILITY OF SUBSIDENCE IN A UNIFORMITARIAN WORLD ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT ON COMPENSATORY UPLIFT AND SUBSIDENCE CHAPTER X: TIME OF TRANSITION FROM “RADIAL THEORIES” TO “TANGENTIAL THEORIES” ÉLIE DE BEAUMONT: A CENTRAL FIGURE IN NINETEENTH CENTURY TECTONICS ÉLIE DE BEAUMONT AND THE HARBINGERS OF THE THEORY OF GEOSYNCLINES FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE THEORY OF ELEVATION CRATERS BY ÉLIE DE BEAUMONT CHARLES LYELL AND THE PITFALLS OF UNIFORMITARIANISM RETURN OF THE EMPHASIS ON THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN SLOW DEFORMATIONS OF LONG WAVELENGTH AND FAST DEFORMATIONS OF SHORT WAVELENGTH CHARLES DARWIN ON FALCOGENIC SUBSIDENCE IN A UNIFORMITARIAN WORLD CONSTANT PRÉVOST AS EMBRYONIC-SUESS: LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS OF THE CONTRACTION THEORY JAMES DWIGHT DANA: DARWINIAN EXPLORER AND BEAUMONTIAN THEORETICIAN VERTICAL UPLIFT THEORY IN THE MID-CENTURY: ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT AND THE TEXTBOOK WRITERS BEFORE 1850 NOTICE SUR LES SYSTÈMES DE MONTAGNES AND THE TRANSITION TO MODERN TECTONICS CHAPTER XI THE REINVENTION AND CHRISTENING OF THE CONCEPT OF GEOSYNCLINE IN AMERICA THE EUROPEAN BIRTH OF THE CONCEPT OF GEOSYNCLINE: RECAPITULATION JAMES HALL JAMES DWIGHT DANA AND THE FALCOGENIC DEFORMATIONS OF THE EARTH CHAPTER XII THE EXPLORATION OF THE AMERICAN WEST: FALCOGENY IN THE PLATEAU COUNTRY A STRANGE LANDSCAPE THE SPANISH EXPLORATION OF THE PLATEAU COUNTRY OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES AND ITS LEGACY CABEZA DE VACA CORONADO AFTER CORONADO GARCÉS AND ESCALANTE CONTENTS ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT AND THE TECTONICS OF THE PLATEAU COUNTRY MAPPING THE GREAT WESTERN CONTINENTAL SWELL: AMERICAN SURVEYS TO FRÉMONT ZEBULON MONTGOMERY PIKE STEPHEN HARRIMAN LONG SUMMARY OF KNOWLEDGE OBTAINED BY VON HUMBOLDT AND HIS SUCCESSORS CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE MOUNTAIN MEN TO THE GROWTH OF KNOWLEDGE CONCERNING THE PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES FRÉMONT AND DANA MAJOR WILLIAM H EMORY’S GRAND PROFILE CAPTAIN HOWARD STANSBURY AND THE DISCOVERY OF THE FALCOGENIC MOVEMENTS AROUND THE GREAT SALT LAKE AREA THE RAILROAD SURVEYS STEVENS SURVEY (ROUTE NEAR 47TH AND 49TH PARALLELS FROM ST PAUL TO PUGET SOUND) GUNNISON-BECKWITH SURVEY (ROUTE NEAR THE 38TH AND 39TH PARALLELS FROM KANSAS CITY TO SALT LAKE CITY; NEAR THE 41ST PARALLEL FROM SALT LAKE CITY TO THE SACRAMENTO VALLEY) WHIPPLE SURVEY (ROUTE NEAR THE 35TH PARALLEL FROM THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER TO THE PACIFIC OCEAN) SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS OF THE RAILROAD SURVEYS IN REGARD TO THE FALCOGENIC STRUCTURES IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES JOHN STRONG NEWBERRY WITH THE IVES AND MACOMB EXPEDITIONS ON THE COLORADO PLATEAU THE IVES EXPEDITION THE MACOMB EXPEDITION THE ERA OF THE GREAT SURVEYS CHAPTER XIII EDUARD SUESS AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES: THE UPLIFT CONTROVERSY SUESS AND THE “NO-UPLIFT” MODEL OF THE EVOLUTION OF THE LITHOSPHERE GILBERT’S LACCOLITES IN THE HENRY MOUNTAINS: HALF A REVIVAL OF VON BUCH’S CRATERS OF ELEVATION UPLIFT MODELS BY SUESS’ CONTEMPORARIES FALCOGENY AND ITS CONNECTION WITH MOTIONS WITHIN THE INTERIOR OF THE EARTH: OSMOND FISHER AND THE CONVECTING MANTLE CHAPTER XIV FALCOGENIC AND COPEOGENIC EVENTS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY FALCOGENIC UPLIFT IDEAS BEFORE THE DEATH OF SUESS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY OTTO AMPFERER AND HIS THEORY OF UNDERCURRENTS HANS STILLE: THE REINCARNATION OF ÉLIE DE BEAUMONT AFRICA: BIRTHPLACE OF MAGMARSIS THE RISE OF PRIMARY VERTICAL TECTONISM IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: ERICH HAARMANN AND HANS CLOOS THE BARREN INTERLUDE BETWEEN CLOOS AND WILSON IN THE STUDY OF FALCOGENIC STRUCTURES CHAPTER XV J TUZO WILSON AND THE MANTLE PLUMES CHAPTER XVI CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES CITED ENDNOTES