EARTHQUAKES: PLATE TECTONICS AND EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
CONTENTS PART I : PLATE TECTONICS 1 GENERAL EARTH STRUCTURE AND PLATE TECTONICS PHYSIOGRAPHY: SHAPE OF THE SURFACE OF THE PLANET HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PLATE TECTONICS THEOREM ALFRED LOTHAR WEGENER (1880–1930) ALEXANDER LOGIE DU TOIT (1878–1948) PLATE TECTONICS AND THE HAZARDOUS EARTH HOW PLATE TECTONICS WORKS CONCLUSION 2 DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY PROCESSES DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES IN CONTINENTS KEVIN C BURKE (1929– ) MODES OF EXTENSION DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES IN THE OCEANS TRANSITION FROM CONTINENTAL TO OCEANIC RIFTING: THE AFAR TRIANGLE 3 TRANSFORM PLATE BOUNDARIES AND TRANSFORM FAULTS TRANSFORM MARGIN PROCESSES TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES IN THE CONTINENTS TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES IN THE OCEANS TANYA ATWATER (1942– ) 4 CONVERGENT MARGINS CONVERGENT PLATE MARGIN PROCESSES SOUTHERN ALASKA’S CONVERGENT MARGIN ARCS VARIATIONS BETWEEN DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONVERGENT MARGIN ARCS COLLISIONS THE TIBETAN PLATEAU PART II : EARTHQUAKES 5 EARTHQUAKES AREAS AT RISK FOR SIGNIFICANT EARTHQUAKES IN THE UNITED STATES ORIGINS OF EARTHQUAKES METHOD OF LOCATING EPICENTERS USING THREE INTERSECTING CIRCLES MEASURING EARTHQUAKES EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE 6 EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS GROUND MOTION GROUND BREAKS MASS WASTING LIQUEFACTION CHANGES IN GROUND LEVEL TSUNAMI AND SEICHE WAVES DAMAGE TO UTILITIES (FIRES, BROKEN GAS MAINS, TRANSPORTATION NETWORK) 7 EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION, PREPARATION, AND RESPONSE EARTHQUAKE STATISTICS PREDICTING EARTHQUAKES CHINA’S LIAONING EARTHQUAKE: SUCCESSFUL EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION SEISMIC HAZARD ZONES AND RISK MAPPING PALEOSEISMICITY: UNDERSTANDING ANCIENT EARTHQUAKES ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING CODES AGENCIES THAT DEAL WITH EARTHQUAKES EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE UTILITIES INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE EARTHQUAKE READINESS 8 DESCRIPTIONS OF EARTHQUAKE DISASTERS EARTHQUAKES THAT STRUCK CONVERGENT MARGINS EARTHQUAKES THAT STRUCK TRANSFORM MARGINS EARTHQUAKES THAT STRUCK INTRAPLATE REGIONS AND DIVERGENT MARGINS SUMMARY