FLOW AND CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT IN FRACTURED ROCK

By U. GAVIA

CONTENTS PART I GEOCHEMISTRY REVISITED: SELECTED ASPECTS CHAPTER CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SUBSURFACE ENVIRONMENT SUBSURFACE SOLID PHASE SILICA MINERALS CLAY MINERALS MINERALS OTHER THAN SILICA AND CLAY ORGANIC MATTER ELECTRICALLY CHARGED SURFACES SUBSURFACE LIQUID PHASE NEAR SOLID PHASE WATER SUBSURFACE AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS SUBSURFACE GASEOUS PHASE AQUIFERS AQUIFER STRUCTURE GROUNDWATER COMPOSITION CHAPTER SELECTED GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES THERMODYNAMICS AND EQUILIBRIUM ENTHALPY, ENTROPY, AND THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS EQUILIBRIUM SOLUBILITY, CHEMICAL POTENTIAL, AND ION ACTIVITIES KINETIC CONSIDERATIONS AND REACTION RATE LAWS WEATHERING DISSOLUTION AND PRECIPITATION REDOX PROCESSES ADSORPTION ADSORPTION OF CHARGED IONIC COMPOUNDS ADSORPTION OF NONIONIC COMPOUNDS KINETIC CONSIDERATIONS PART II PROPERTIES OF POTENTIAL CONTAMINANTS: ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH HAZARDS CHAPTER INORGANIC AND ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS NITROGEN PHOSPHORUS SALTS AGRICULTURAL IMPACTS IMPACTS ON WATER USAGE IMPACTS ON INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACTS ON BIODIVERSITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT RADIONUCLIDES HEAVY METALS AND METALLOIDS ARSENIC CADMIUM CHROMIUM LEAD NICKEL NANOMATERIALS ORGANIC COMPOUNDS PESTICIDES ORGANOCHLORINE INSECTICIDES ORGANOPHOSPHATES N-METHYL CARBAMATE TRIAZINES PARAQUAT AND DIQUAT SYNTHETIC HALOGENATED ORGANIC SUBSTANCES CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS AND FUEL ADDITIVES PHARMACEUTICALS AND PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS ANALGESICS AND ANTIIN? AMMATORY DRUGS HORMONES ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS BETA-BLOCKERS PART III CONTAMINANT PARTITIONING IN THE SUBSURFACE CHAPTER SORPTION, RETENTION, AND RELEASE OF CONTAMINANTS SURFACE PROPERTIES OF ADSORBENTS QUANTIFYING ADSORPTION ADSORPTION-DESORPTION COEF? CIENTS ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS KINETICS OF ADSORPTION ADSORPTION OF IONIC CONTAMINANTS ADSORPTION OF NONIONIC CONTAMINANTS OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING ADSORPTION NONADSORPTIVE RETENTION OF CONTAMINANTS CONTAMINANT PRECIPITATION LIQUID TRAPPING PARTICLE DEPOSITION AND TRAPPING REVERSIBLE AND IRREVERSIBLE RETENTION GENUINE HYSTERESIS APPARENT HYSTERESIS BOUND RESIDUES CONTAMINANT PARTITIONING IN THE AQUEOUS PHASE SOLUBILITY EQUILIBRIUM AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS LIGAND EFFECTS COSOLVENTS AND SURFACTANT EFFECTS SALTING-OUT EFFECT APPARENT SOLUBILITY PARTITIONING OF VOLATILE COMPOUNDS GAS-LIQUID RELATIONSHIPS VOLATILIZATION FROM SUBSURFACE AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS VAPOR PRESSURE–VOLATILIZATION RELATIONSHIP VOLATILIZATION OF MULTICOMPONENT CONTAMINANTS SELECTED RESEARCH FINDINGS: CONTAMINANT PARTITIONING PARTITIONING AMONG PHASES CONTAMINANT VOLATILIZATION INORGANIC CONTAMINANTS ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS MIXTURES OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS SOLUBILITY AND DISSOLUTION ACIDITY AND ALKALINITY EFFECTS DISSOLUTION FROM MIXTURES OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS CONTAMINANT RETENTION IN THE SUBSURFACE CONTAMINANT ADSORPTION NONADSORPTIVE RETENTION CONTAMINANT RELEASE PART IV CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT FROM LAND SURFACE TO GROUNDWATER CHAPTER WATER FLOW IN THE SUBSURFACE ENVIRONMENT WATER FLOW IN SOILS AND THE VADOSE ZONE FLOW THROUGH THE CAPILLARY FRINGE TRANSPORT OF PASSIVE CONTAMINANTS ADVECTION, DISPERSION, AND MOLECULAR DIFFUSION PREFERENTIAL TRANSPORT NON-FICKIAN TRANSPORT TRANSPORT OF REACTIVE CONTAMINANTS CONTAMINANT SORPTION COLLOIDS AND SORPTION ON COLLOIDS DISSOLVING AND PRECIPITATING CONTAMINANTS TRANSPORT OF IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS TRANSPORT OF CONTAMINANTS BY RUNOFF SELECTED RESEARCH FINDINGS: CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT AQUEOUS TRANSPORT OF REACTIVE CONTAMINANTS: FIELD AND LABORATORY STUDIES 12 1 1 FIELD EXPERIMENT RESULTS 12 1 2 MODELING FIELD EXPERIMENTS 12 1 3 LABORATORY AND OUTDOOR STUDIES 12 1 4 PREFERENTIAL FLOW TRANSPORT OF NONAQUEOUS PHASE LIQUIDS 12 2 1 IN? LTRATION INTO THE SUBSURFACE 12 2 2 TRANSPORT OF SOLUBLE NAPL FRACTIONS IN AQUIFERS COLLOID-MEDIATED TRANSPORT OF CONTAMINANTS 12 3 1 SURFACE RUNOFF PART V TRANSFORMATIONS AND REACTIONS OF CONTAMINANTS IN THE SUBSURFACE CHAPTER ABIOTIC CONTAMINANT TRANSFORMATIONS IN SUBSURFACE WATER ABIOTIC CONTAMINANT TRANSFORMATIONS IN NATURAL SUBSURFACE WATER 13 1 1 FACTORS AFFECTING CONTAMINANT TRANSFORMATIONS 13 1 2 REACTIONS IN NATURAL WATERS SELECTED CONTAMINANT TRANSFORMATIONS IN SEDIMENTS AND GROUNDWATER 13 2 1 PH AND HYDROLYSIS REACTIONS 13 2 2 REDOX STATE AND REACTIONS ABIOTIC TRANSFORMATION AT THE SOLID-LIQUID INTERFACE CATALYSIS SURFACE-INDUCED TRANSFORMATION OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS SURFACE-INDUCED INTERACTIONS OF INORGANIC CONTAMINANTS BIOLOGICALLY MEDIATED TRANSFORMATIONS SUBSURFACE MICROBIAL POPULATIONS PROCESSES GOVERNING CONTAMINANT ATTENUATION BIOTRANSFORMATION OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS BIOTRANSFORMATION OF INORGANIC CONTAMINANTS SELECTED RESEARCH FINDINGS: TRANSFORMATIONS AND REACTIONS ABIOTIC ALTERATION OF CONTAMINANTS 16 1 1 TRANSFORMATION IN SUBSURFACE WATER 16 1 2 SURFACE-INDUCED TRANSFORMATION ON CLAYS 16 1 3 PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS 16 1 4 LIGAND EFFECTS 16 1 5 MULTIPLE-COMPONENT CONTAMINANT TRANSFORMATION BIOMEDIATED TRANSFORMATION OF CONTAMINANTS 16 2 1 PETROLEUM PRODUCTS 16 2 2 PESTICIDES REFERENCES