MIGRATION AND FATE OF POLLUTANTS IN SOILS AND SUBSOILS

By DANIEL JOHNSON

CONTENTS CHAPTER CONTAMINATED LAND GROUND CONTAMINATION ELEMENTS OF THE PROBLEM THE LAND ENVIRONMENT LAND ENVIRONMENT SENSITIVITY AND TOLERANCE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT POLICY ENVIRONMENTAL INVENTORY, AUDIT, ASSESSMENT, AND IMPACT STATEMENT LAND SUITABILITY AND USE GROUNDWATER WASTES AND WASTE STREAMS CHARACTERIZATION OF HAZARDOUS AND TOXIC WASTES LAND DISPOSAL OF NON-HAZARDOUS AND HAZARDOUS WASTES CONCLUDING REMARKS CHAPTER NATURE OF SOILS SOIL MATERIALS IN THE LAND ENVIRONMENT POLLUTANT RETENTION AND/OR RETARDATION BY SUBSURFACE SOIL MATERIAL SOIL MATERIALS SOIL FRACTIONS CLAY MINERALS SOIL ORGANICS OXIDES AND HYDROUS OXIDES CARBONATES AND SULPHATES SOIL STRUCTURE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY SOIL FRACTIONS AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES UTILIZATION OF INFORMATION ON SOIL PROPERTIES SOIL-WATER SYSTEMS SURFACE RELATIONSHIPS SURFACES OF SOIL FRACTIONS REACTIVE SURFACES SURFACE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS — SOIL ORGANIC MATTER SURFACE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS — INORGANIC SOIL FRACTIONS ELECTRIC CHARGES ON SURFACES SURFACE CHARGES AND ELECTRI?ED INTERFACE NET SURFACE CHARGES ELECTRIC DOUBLE LAYER DIFFUSE DOUBLE-LAYER (DDL) MODELS STERN AND GRAHAME MODELS VALIDITY OF THE DDL MODELS INTERACTION ENERGIES DLVO MODEL AND INTERACTION ENERGIES INTERACTIONS AND SOIL STRUCTURE SWELLING CLAYS SOIL-WATER CHARACTERISTICS SOIL-WATER POTENTIALS MEASUREMENT OF SOIL-WATER POTENTIALS EVALUATION OF MEASURED SOIL-WATER POTENTIALS MATRIC ?M, OSMOTIC ?? POTENTIALS AND SWELLING SOILS INTERACTIONS AND PARTITIONING OF POLLUTANTS POLLUTANTS, CONTAMINANTS, AND FATE PERSISTENCE AND FATE POLLUTANTS OF MAJOR CONCERN METALS ORGANIC CHEMICAL POLLUTANTS CONTROLS AND REACTIONS IN POREWATER ACID–BASE REACTIONS — HYDROLYSIS OXIDATION-REDUCTION (REDOX) REACTIONS EH-PH RELATIONSHIP PARTITIONING AND SORPTION MECHANISMS MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS AND BONDINGS CATION EXCHANGE PHYSICAL ADSORPTION SPECI?C ADSORPTION CHEMICAL ADSORPTION PHYSICAL ADSORPTION OF ANIONS PH ENVIRONMENT, SOLUBILITY, AND PRECIPITATION NATURAL SOIL ORGANICS AND ORGANIC CHEMICALS SOIL SURFACE SORPTION PROPERTIES — CEC, SSA SOIL SURFACE AREA MEASUREMENTS CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY, CEC POLLUTANT SORPTION CAPACITY CHARACTERIZATION ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS DISTRIBUTION COEF?CIENT KD PARTITIONING AND ORGANIC CARBON CONTENT INTERACTIONS AND POLLUTANT TRANSPORT PREDICTIONS TRANSPORT AND PARTITIONING IN THE VADOSE ZONE DIFFUSION COEF?CIENTS DC AND DO SOIL STRUCTURE AND DIFFUSION COEF?CIENTS VADOSE ZONE TRANSPORT PARTITIONING AND FATE OF HEAVY METALS INTRODUCTION ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS ON HEAVY METAL (HM) MOBILITY AND AVAILABILITY SOIL CHARACTERISTICS AND HM RETENTION PREFERENTIAL SORPTION OF HMS PARTITIONING OF HM POLLUTANTS DETERMINATION OF PARTITIONING AND PARTITION COEF?CIENTS RATE-LIMITING PROCESSES ASSESSMENT OF PARTITIONING FROM LEACHING COLUMNS BREAKTHROUGH CURVES DISTRIBUTION OF PARTITIONED HMS SELECTIVE SEQUENTIAL EXTRACTION (SSE) PROCEDURE AND ANALYSIS SELECTIVE SOIL FRACTION ADDITION (SSFA) PROCEDURE AND ANALYSIS SELECTIVE SOIL FRACTION REMOVAL (SSFR) PROCEDURE AND ANALYSIS SOIL COMPOSITION, STRUCTURE, AND HM PARTITIONING COMPARISON OF RESULTS OBTAINED COLUMN STUDIES FOR SOIL STRUCTURE AND PARTITIONING PERSISTENCE AND FATE OF ORGANIC CHEMICAL POLLUTANTS ADSORPTION AND BONDING MECHANISMS INTERMOLECULAR INTERACTIONS FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AND BONDING PARTITIONING OF ORGANIC CHEMICAL POLLUTANTS EQUILIBRIUM PARTITION COEF?CIENT INTERACTIONS AND FATE PERSISTENCE AND RECALCITRANCE ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES NUCLEOPHILIC DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS SOIL CATALYSIS OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS INTERACTIONS AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL BASIC DECONTAMINATION CONSIDERATIONS POLLUTANT-SOIL INTERACTIONS AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL DETERMINATION OF POLLUTANT RELEASE BATCH EQUILIBRIUM STUDIES COLUMN TESTS SELECTIVE SEQUENTIAL ANALYSES BENCH-TOP TESTS ELECTRODICS AND ELECTROKINETICS ELECTRODICS AND CHARGE TRANSFER ELECTROKINETICS AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS AND POLLUTANTS NITROGEN AND SULPHUR CYCLES POLLUTANT–SOIL BOND DISRUPTION BIOTIC REDOX AND MICROCOSM STUDIES ASSESSMENT, SCREENING, AND TREATABILITY REMEDIATION AND POLLUTION MITIGATION POLLUTANTS AND SITE CONTAMINATION POLLUTION MITIGATION, ELIMINATION, AND MANAGEMENT IN SITU AND EX SITU REMEDIAL TREATMENT BASIC SOIL DECONTAMINATION CONSIDERATIONS PHYSICO-CHEMICAL TECHNIQUES CONTAMINATED SOIL REMOVAL AND TREATMENT VACUUM EXTRACTION — WATER AND VAPOUR ELECTROKINETIC APPLICATION SOLIDI?CATION AND STABILIZATION CHEMICAL TECHNIQUES INORGANIC POLLUTANTS (HM POLLUTANTS) TREATMENT WALLS BIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES MULTIPLE TREATMENTS AND TREATMENT TRAINS REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING