CALDERA VOLCANISM: ANALYSIS, MODELLING AND RESPONSE
CONTENTS 1 RESIDENCE TIMES OF SILICIC MAGMAS ASSOCIATED WITH CALDERAS 1 INTRODUCTION 2 METHODS FOR OBTAINING TIME CONSTRAINTS OF MAGMATIC PROCESSES 3 RESIDENCE TIMES OF MAGMAS ASSOCIATED WITH SELECTED CALDERAS 4 INTERPRETATION OF RESIDENCE TIMES AND INTEGRATION WITH THERMAL AND MECHANICAL CONSTRAINS 5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 2 SEDIMENTOLOGY, DEPOSITIONAL MECHANISMS AND PULSATING BEHAVIOUR OF PYROCLASTIC DENSITY CURRENTS 1 INTRODUCTION: WHAT ARE PYROCLASTIC DENSITY CURRENTS? 2 KEY CONCEPTS 3 SEDIMENTOLOGY: MAIN PARTICLE SUPPORT AND SEGREGATION MECHANISMS IN PDCS 4 DEPOSITIONAL PROCESSES IN PDCS 5 FIELD EVIDENCES OF STEPWISE AGGRADATION IN PULSATING PDCS 6 CONCLUSIVE REMARKS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3 THE USE OF LITHIC CLAST DISTRIBUTIONS IN PYROCLASTIC DEPOSITS TO UNDERSTAND PRE- AND SYN-CALDERA COLLAPSE PROCESSES: A CASE STUDY OF THE ABRIGO IGNIMBRITE, TENERIFE, CANARY ISLANDS 2 REVIEW OF LITHIC COMPONENT STUDIES AND INFERRED CALDERA PROCESSES 3 CASE STUDY OF THE ABRIGO IGNIMBRITE 4 CONCLUSIONS 4 THE IGNIMBRITE FLARE-UP AND GRABEN CALDERAS OF THE SIERRA MADRE OCCIDENTAL, MEXICO ´ ´ 1 INTRODUCTION 2 THE SIERRA MADRE OCCIDENTAL VOLCANIC PROVINCE 3 REGIONAL STRATIGRAPHY OF THE SIERRA MADRE OCCIDENTAL 4 GRABEN CALDERAS OF THE SIERRA MADRE OCCIDENTAL 5 CONCLUSIONS 5 CHARACTERISATION OF ARCHEAN SUBAQUEOUS CALDERAS IN CANADA: PHYSICAL VOLCANOLOGY, CARBONATE-RICH HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION AND A NEW EXPLORATION MODEL 2 ABITIBI GREENSTONE BELT GEOLOGY 3 NOTION OF CALDERAS 4 HUNTER MINE CALDERA 5 NORMETAL CALDERA 6 STURGEON LAKE CALDERA, WABIGOON SUBPROVINCE 7 THE LINK: SUBAQUEOUS CALDERAS WITH CHERT–IRON FORMATION AND HYDROTHERMAL CARBONATES 8 DISCUSSION 9 CONCLUSIONS 6 A REVIEW ON COLLAPSE CALDERA MODELLING 2 THE ROLE OF EXPERIMENTAL MODELS IN CALDERA STUDIES 3 THEORETICAL MODELS ON COLLAPSE CALDERAS FORMATION 4 GEOPHYSICAL IMAGING AND ITS VALUE FOR CALDERA STUDIES 5 DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS 6 CONCLUSIONS 7 STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF CALDERAS: A SYNTHESIS FROM ANALOGUE EXPERIMENTS 2 ANALOGUE MODELLING 3 EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON CALDERAS 4 DISCUSSION 5 COMPARISON TO NATURE: GUIDELINES 6 TOWARDS A NEW CALDERA EVOLUTION SCHEME 7 CONCLUSIONS 8 MAGMA-CHAMBER GEOMETRY, FLUID TRANSPORT, LOCAL STRESSES AND ROCK BEHAVIOUR DURING COLLAPSE CALDERA FORMATION 2 COLLAPSE CALDERA STRUCTURES 3 GEOMETRY OF THE MAGMA CHAMBER 4 BEHAVIOUR OF CRUSTAL ROCKS 5 MAGMA-CHAMBER RUPTURE AND FLUID TRANSPORT ALONG A DYKE 6 STRESS FIELDS TRIGGERING RING-FAULT INITIATION 7 DISCUSSION 8 CONCLUSIONS 9 FACILITATING DIKE INTRUSIONS INTO RING FAULTS 2 MODELING METHOD 3 RESULTS 5 CONCLUSION 10 A NEW UPLIFT EPISODE AT CAMPI FLEGREI CALDERA (SOUTHERN ITALY): IMPLICATIONS FOR UNREST INTERPRETATION AND ERUPTION HAZARD EVALUATION 2 RECENT GROUND DEFORMATION DATA AT CAMPI FLEGREI CALDERA 3 DISPLACEMENT SHAPES AND MAXIMUM VERTICAL TO HORIZONTAL RATIOS 4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 11 HYDROTHERMAL FLUID CIRCULATION AND ITS EFFECT ON CALDERA UNREST 2 THE HYDROTHERMAL FLUID CIRCULATION 3 MODELLING OF HYDROTHERMAL FLUID CIRCULATION 4 HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS AND VOLCANO MONITORING 5 AN EXAMPLE OF ASSESSING THE ROLE OF HYDROTHERMAL PROCESSES DURING UNREST: SOLFATARA (PHLEGREAN FIELDS CALDERA, ITALY) 6 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 12 DECIPHERING CAUSES OF UNREST AT EXPLOSIVE COLLAPSE CALDERAS: RECENT ADVANCES AND FUTURE CHALLENGES OF JOINT TIME-LAPSE GRAVIMETRIC AND GROUND DEFORMATION STUDIES 2 THE SUBSURFACE BENEATH CALDERAS: HYDROTHERMAL VERSUS MAGMATIC RESERVOIRS 3 JOINT GROUND DEFORMATION AND GRAVIMETRIC SURVEY 4 VERTICAL GRAVITY–HEIGHT GRADIENTS 5 SINGLE AND DISTRIBUTED SOURCES 6 THE SEARCH FOR CAUSATIVE SOURCES OF UNREST: RECENT EXAMPLES OF INTEGRATED STUDIES FROM THE LONG VALLEY, CAMPI FLEGREI AND LAS CAN˜ADAS CALDERAS 7 THE PROBLEM OF ALIASING OF TIME-LAPSE MICRO-GRAVITY DATA 8 THE EFFECT OF LATERAL DISCONTINUITIES ON GROUND DEFORMATION AND RESIDUAL GRAVITY CHANGES 9 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK 13 THE FAILURE FORECAST METHOD: REVIEW AND APPLICATION FOR THE REAL-TIME DETECTION OF PRECURSORY PATTERNS AT REAWAKENING VOLCANOES 2 THEORY OF PRECURSORS 3 THE THEORY OF THE MATERIAL FAILURE FORECAST METHOD (FFM) 4 TECHNIQUES OF ANALYSIS 5 VISCOELASTIC MODEL 6 SEISMICITY AS THE OBSERVABLE FOR FFM 7 FFM APPLIED TO THE STUDIES OF VOLCANOES C H A P T E R RESIDENCE TIMES OF SILICIC MAGMAS ASSOCIATED WITH CALDERAS