INTRODUCTION TO EARTH AND PLANETARY SYSTEM SCIENCE
1 INTRODUCTION TO EARTH AND PLANETARY SYSTEM SCIENCE: A NEW VIEW OF THE EARTH, PLANETS, AND HUMANS WHAT IS THE EARTH AND PLANETARY SYSTEM? 111 HIERARCHY IN THE EARTH AND PLANETARY SYSTEM 112 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SUBSYSTEMS 113 EARTH AS A SYSTEM 12 WHAT IS THE EARTH’S ENVIRONMENT? 13 DEVELOPMENT OF EARTH AND PLANETARY SYSTEM SCIENCE 131 GEOLOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY, AND GEOPHYSICS 132 A NEW VIEW OF THE EARTH, PLANETS, AND HUMANS: EARTH AND PLANETARY SYSTEM SCIENCE 14 CHAPTER SUMMARY REFERENCES 2 COMPONENTS OF THE EARTH SYSTEM 21 FLUID EARTH 211 THE ATMOSPHERE 212 THE HYDROSPHERE 22 SOLID EARTH (THE GEOSPHERE) 221 THE EARTH’S INTERIOR STRUCTURE 222 THE COMPOSITION OF THE CRUST 223 COMPOSITION OF THE MANTLE 224 THE COMPOSITION OF THE CORE 225 THE LITHOSPHERE AND ASTHENOSPHERE 226 AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH AS A WHOLE 227 THE COSMIC ABUNDANCE OF ELEMENTS 228 METEORITES 229 MATERIALS IN THE SOLID EARTH CONTENTS 23 THE SOILS 24 THE BIOSPHERE 25 CHAPTER SUMMARY 3 MATERIAL CIRCULATION IN THE EARTH 31 INTERACTIONS IN THE MULTISPHERES 32 HYDROLOGIC CYCLE 33 CARBON CYCLE 331 GLOBAL GEOCHEMICAL CYCLE AND BOX MODEL 34 CIRCULATION OF THE SOLID EARTH AND ASSOCIATED INTERACTIONS 341 PLATE TECTONICS 342 PLUME TECTONICS 35 CHAPTER SUMMARY 4 NATURE–HUMAN INTERACTION 41 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN NATURE AND HUMANS 42 NATURAL DISASTERS 421 CLASSIFICATION OF NATURAL DISASTERS 422 EARTHQUAKES 423 VOLCANIC DISASTERS 43 NATURAL RESOURCES 431 RENEWABLE AND NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES 432 RESOURCES PROBLEMS 433 EXPLOITATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ASSOCIATED ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS 434 MINERAL RESOURCES 435 WATER RESOURCES 436 ENERGY RESOURCES 44 EARTH’S ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS 441 GLOBAL WARMING 442 THE DESTRUCTION OF THE OZONE LAYER 443 ACID RAIN 444 SOIL PROBLEMS 445 WATER POLLUTION 446 WASTE PROBLEMS 447 PROVISIONS FOR EARTH’S RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS 45 CHAPTER SUMMARY 5 THE UNIVERSE AND SOLAR SYSTEM 51 ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE 511 BIG BANG UNIVERSE 512 EVOLUTION OF STARS 52 FORMATION OF THE PROTOSOLAR SYSTEM 53 PLANETS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM 531 COMPARATIVE PLANETOLOGY 532 THE EARTH’S MOON 533 THE EARTH-TYPE PLANETS 534 THE GIANT PLANETS 535 ASTEROIDS, KUIPER BELT OBJECTS (KBOS), AND COMETS 536 CHARACTERISTIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE EARTH AND OTHER PLANETS 54 CHAPTER SUMMARY 6 EVOLUTION OF THE EARTH SYSTEM 61 GEOCHRONOLOGY 611 RELATIVE AGE DATING 612 RADIOMETRIC (ABSOLUTE) AGE DATING 62 ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE EARTH SYSTEM 621 FORMATION OF EARLY EARTH (ABOUT 46–30 BILLION YEARS AGO) 622 FROM 30 TO 20 BILLION YEARS AGO 623 20 BILLION YEARS AGO TO PRESENT 624 ORIGIN OF LIFE 625 EXTRATERRESTRIAL LIFE 626 THE BIOSPHERE DEEP UNDERGROUND 627 THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE 628 MASS EXTINCTION 629 CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY 6210 ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCE ON THE EARTH’S CHANGING ENVIRONMENT 6211 PREDICTION OF EARTH’S ENVIRONMENT IN THE FUTURE 63 CHAPTER SUMMARY 7 A MODERN VIEW ON NATURE AND HUMANS 71 ANTHROPOCENTRISM 72 NATURECENTRISM 73 A NEW VIEW OF NATURE AND HUMANS 731 EARTH ENVIRONMENT CO-ORIENTED SOCIETY 732 EARTH AND PLANETARY SYSTEM SCIENCE 74 CHAPTER SUMMARY