PRACTICAL OIL GEOLOGY: THE APPLICATION OF GEOLOGY TO OIL FIELD PROBLEMS

By STEVEN RAMIREZ

CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 WELL ENGINEERING INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT (HSE) ACCIDENTS ARE NOT ACCIDENTAL SAFETY IS BUILT-IN PERSONAL SAFETY WELL DELIVERY PROCESS DRILLING PROGRAMME OVERALL SEQUENCE OF DRILLING OPERATIONS REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS ONSHORE RIGS BASIC DRILLING RIG MASTS AND DERRICKS HIGHLY AUTOMATED LAND RIG SWAMP BARGE RIGS O?SHORE OPERATIONS STEEL JACKET FIXED PLATFORM GRAVITY BASE PLATFORM TENSION LEG PLATFORMS (TLPS) TENDER-ASSISTED DRILLING RIGS SEMISUBMERSIBLES DRILLSHIP COILED TUBING RIG HYDRAULIC SNUBBING UNIT FUNCTION OF THE RIG HOIST AND LOWER ROTATE CIRCULATE CONTROL DRILL FLOOR EQUIPMENT DRILL STRING COMPONENTS BOTTOM HOLE ASSEMBLY (BHA) BITS WELL HYDROSTATICS DRILLING OF A BASIC WELL CASING AND CASING DESIGN PRESSURE TESTING WELLHEADS AND CHRISTMAS TREES WELLHEADS CHRISTMAS TREE COMPLETION EQUIPMENT TUBING TUBING HANGER PACKER SUBSURFACE SAFETY VALVE SLIDING SIDE DOOR PLUG NIPPLE TELEJOINTS GAS LIFT/SIDE POCKET MANDREL SENSORS SIGNAL AND CONTROL LINES GRAVEL PACKS SMART WELLS SWELLABLE ELASTOMERS COMPLEXITY, RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY CEMENTING OIL?ELD CEMENT BASIC CASING CEMENTING PROCESS CENTRALISATION SCRATCHERS AND METAL PETAL BASKETS PUMP RATES ROTATION AND RECIPROCATION TOP OF CEMENT CEMENTATION EQUIPMENT LINER CEMENTATION STAGE CEMENTATION SUBSEA CEMENTATION SURFACE CASING CEMENTATION TOP-UP CEMENTATION SETTING A BALANCED CEMENT PLUG DIRECTIONAL DRILLING DIRECTIONAL SURVEYING GYRO SURVEY TOOLS INERTIAL NAVIGATION TOOLS STEERING TOOLS MWD TOOLS HOMING TOOLS SURVEY UNCERTAINTY PLOTTING AND RECORDING SURVEY DATA DIRECTIONAL DRILLING SYSTEMS BENT-SUBS AND MUD-MOTORS MUD-MOTORS AND TURBINES MWD AND LWD TOOLS ROTARY STEERABLE SYSTEMS TRAJECTORIES STUCK PIPE FISHING FORMATION EVALUATION CUTTINGS AND FLOW-LINE DATA CONTINUOUS CORING PETROPHYSICAL LOGS PERFORATION WELL TESTING FRACCING AND STIMULATION WELL CONTROL AND BLOWOUTS UNDERBALANCED/MANAGED PRESSURE DRILLING DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS DRILLING FLUIDS ADDITIVES FLUID PROPERTIES COMPLETION FLUIDS CUTTINGS AND WASTE MANAGEMENT WELL WORKOVER AND MAINTENANCE WELL ABANDONMENT ARTI?CIAL LIFT BEAM PUMPS PROGRESSIVE CAVITY PUMPS (PCPS) ELECTRICAL SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS (ESPS) GAS LIFT OTHER COMPLETION DESIGNS WELL ENGINEERING ORGANISATION AND PEOPLE DRILLING CONTRACTS, PROCUREMENT AND LOGISTICS LOGISTICS LAND-BASED ACTIVITIES O?SHORE ACTIVITIES PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT EXAMPLE DAILY OPERATIONS REPORT GLOSSARY OF TERMS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CHAPTER 2 CORE ANALYSIS FORMATION SAMPLES DRILL CUTTINGS CORING BOTTOMHOLE CONTINUOUS CORING SIDEWALL CORING CORE HANDLING AND PRESERVATION CORE ANALYSIS PREPARATION CORE DESCRIPTION AND IMAGING SAMPLE SELECTION BASIC (ROUTINE) CORE ANALYSIS SAMPLING SPECIAL CORE ANALYSIS SAMPLING PLUG PREPARATION PLUG DRILLING PLUG CLEANING DRYING BASIC CORE ANALYSIS LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS POROSITY AND GRAIN DENSITY MEASUREMENT BULK VOLUME GRAIN VOLUME PORE VOLUME GRAIN DENSITY PERMEABILITY MEASUREMENT STEADY-STATE MEASUREMENT UNSTEADY-STATE MEASUREMENT WHOLE-CORE MEASUREMENT FACTORS A?ECTING PERMEABILITY MEASUREMENT GAS SLIPPAGE CON?NING PRESSURE INERTIAL E?ECTS REACTIVE LIQUIDS AVERAGE PERMEABILITY OF A COMBINATION OF LAYERS HORIZONTAL ?OW (PARALLEL TO THE LAYERING) VERTICAL ?OW (PERPENDICULAR TO THE LAYERING) SPECIAL CORE ANALYSIS LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES WETTABILITY CAPILLARY PRESSURE CAPILLARY RISE CHARACTERISTICS OF CAPILLARY PRESSURE CURVE LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS OF CAPILLARY PRESSURE MERCURY INJECTION MEASUREMENT CENTRIFUGE TECHNIQUE POROUS PLATE METHOD LABORATORY TO RESERVOIR CONVERSION AVERAGING CAPILLARY PRESSURE DATA RELATIVE PERMEABILITY LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS OF RELATIVE PERMEABILITY STEADY-STATE METHOD UNSTEADY-STATE METHOD CENTRIFUGE METHOD EXTRAPOLATING MEASURED RELATIVE PERMEABILITY DATA FACTORS A?ECTING RELATIVE PERMEABILITY MEASUREMENTS THREE-PHASE RELATIVE PERMEABILITIES RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CORE ANALYSIS NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE PORE-SCALE NETWORK MODELLING CORE ANALYSIS FOR UNCONVENTIONAL RESOURCES REFERENCES CHAPTER 3 PRODUCTION LOGGING WHAT PRODUCTION LOGGING IS USED FOR CLASSICAL PRODUCTION LOGGING TOOLS FLOW METERS (SPINNERS) DENSITY TOOLS GRADIOMANOMETERS NUCLEAR DENSITY TOOL TUNING FORK DENSITY PSEUDO-DENSITY FROM PRESSURE CAPACITANCE AND HOLDUP TOOLS CAPACITANCE TOOL FOR WATER HOLDUP GAS HOLDUP TOOL (GHT) PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE SENSORS DEPTH AND ID DEVICES DEPTH MEASUREMENT DEPTH CORRECTION: OPEN-HOLE GAMMA RAY DEPTH CORRECTION: CASED-HOLE CCL ID CALCULATION: CALIPERS A TYPICAL PL JOB SEQUENCE MULTIRATE PL AND SIP TYPICAL JOB DATA LOADING, QA/QC, AND REFERENCE CHANNELS SPINNER CALIBRATION AND APPARENT VELOCITY CALCULATION SPINNER RESPONSE SPINNER IN SITU CALIBRATION VELOCITY FROM CALIBRATION: THRESHOLD HANDLING AND VAPPARENT THRESHOLD OPTIONS APPARENT VELOCITY APPARENT VELOCITY LOG SINGLE-PHASE INTERPRETATION VELOCITY PRO?LE CORRECTION FACTOR SINGLE-PHASE INTERPRETATION RESULTS MATCHING SURFACE CONDITIONS MULTI-PHASE INTERPRETATION DE?NITIONS HOLDUPS PHASE VELOCITIES SLIPPAGE VELOCITY STARTING WITH TWO-PHASE GENERAL SOLUTION USING NON-LINEAR REGRESSION FLOW MODELS AND CORRELATIONS GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION ZONED APPROACH AND THE ZONE RATES PLOT MULTI-PHASE INTERPRETATION RESULTS LOCAL VERSUS GLOBAL REGRESSION THE CONTINUOUS APPROACH ILLUSTRATION WITH A THREE-PHASE EXAMPLE SO? SLANTED AND HORIZONTAL WELLS APPARENT DOWN FLOW HORIZONTAL WELLS MPT, OR ARRAY TOOLS SCHLUMBERGER FLOVIEW SCHLUMBERGER GHOST SCHLUMBERGER FLOSCANNER (FSI) SONDEX MAPS: CAT/RAT/SAT 3 11 4 1 CAPACITANCE ARRAY TOOL 3 11 4 2 RESISTANCE ARRAY TOOL 3 11 4 3 SPINNER ARRAY TOOL MPT INTERPRETATION MAPPING MODELS 3 12 1 1 LINEAR MODEL 3 12 1 2 SCHLUMBERGER MAPFLO HOLDUP MODEL 3 12 1 3 PRANDTL VELOCITY MODEL MAPPING OPTIONS INTEGRATION INTERPRETATION SIP IPR TYPE TEMPERATURE