PRACTICAL OIL GEOLOGY
CONTENTS PART I CHARACTERISTICS OF CHINESE PETROLEUM GEOLOGY AND EVALUATION OF OIL AND GAS RESOURCES 1 TECTONIC BACKGROUND AND DEVELOPMENT OF CHINESE BASIN CHARACTERISTICS OF TECTONIC FRAMEWORK AND DISTRIBUTION OF GEOPHYSICAL FIELD BASEMENT OF THE CRATON BASIN FORMED DURING THE PRECAMBRIAN 1 2 1 CONTINENTAL SHIELD FORMED EARLIER THAN 2,800 MA 1 2 2 BASEMENT OF THE CRATON BASIN FORMED DURING 2,800 – 800 MA DRIFTING OF SMALL PALEOZONIC PLATES AND MARINE DEPOSITS 1 3 1 DRIFTING OF EARLY PALEOZONIC PLATES AND MARINE DEPOSITS 1 3 2 LATE PALEOZOIC PLATE CONVERGENCE AND MARINE–TERRIGENOUS BASIN 1 3 3 CREATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF MARINE CRATON BASIN IN CHINA MESOZOIC PLATES CONVERGENCE AND TERRESTRIAL BASIN DEPOSITS 1 4 1 TERRESTRIAL BASINS WERE FORMED DURING THE EARLY–MIDDLE TRIASSIC EPOCHS IN NORTHERN CHINA 1 4 2 DIVERSITY OF MARINE BASINS AND TERRESTRIAL BASINS ORIGINATED DURING THE LATE TRIASSIC EPOCH 1 4 3 INTRA-CONTINENTAL FAULTED BASIN DEVELOPED DURING THE JURASSIC–CRETACEOUS PERIODS DEVELOPMENT OF INTRA-CONTINENTAL OROGENIES AND BASINS DURING THE HIMALAYAN TECTONIC PERIOD 1 5 1 COLLISION BETWEEN INDIAN PLATE AND EURASIAN PLATE AND DEVELOPMENT OF REGENERATED FORELAND BASIN 1 5 2 SUBDUCTION OF WEST PACIFIC PLATE AND DEVELOPMENT OF BACK-ARC RIFT BASIN IN EASTERN CHINA REFERENCES 2 SEDIMENTOLOGY OF CHINESE PETROLEUM BASINS DISTRIBUTION OF STRATIGRAPHY AND TYPES OF DEPOSITIONAL FACIES 2 1 1 DEVELOPMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STRATIGRAPHY AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION PATTERN 2 1 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF DEPOSITIONAL EVOLUTION 2 1 3 MAJOR DEPOSITIONAL FACIES AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PETROLEUM SYSTEM 2 2 1 TYPES OF SOURCE ROCKS AND THEIR DISTRIBUTIONS 2 2 2 TYPES OF RESERVOIR SEQUENCES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTIONS 2 2 3 TYPES OF CAP ROCKS AND THEIR DISTRIBUTIONS 2 2 4 DEVELOPMENT OF SEQUENCES AND NATURE OF THE PETROLEUM SYSTEM FEATURES OF DEPOSITIONAL EVOLUTION IN THE MAJOR PETROLEUM BASINS 2 3 1 SONGLIAO BASIN 2 3 2 BOHAI BAY BASIN 2 3 3 EERDUOSI BASIN 2 3 4 SICHUAN BASIN 2 3 5 ZHUNGEER BASIN 2 3 6 TARIM BASIN 2 3 7 CHAIDAMU BASIN 2 3 8 BASINS IN THE SOUTHEASTERN COASTAL REGION 3 OIL AND GAS RESOURCES IN CHINA CURRENT STATUS OF PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION 3 1 1 DEVELOPMENT OF OIL AND GAS FIELDS AND PRODUCTION HISTORY IN CHINA 3 1 2 PRODUCTION OF MAJOR OIL AND GAS FIELDS 3 1 3 CHINESE PETROLEUM RESERVES 3 1 4 CURRENT STATUS OF PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND EXPLORATION PHASES EVALUATION OF OIL AND GAS RESOURCES 3 2 1 HISTORY AND METHODS OF RESOURCE EVALUATION 3 2 2 MEASURES OF OIL AND GAS RESOURCES 3 2 3 EXPLORATION DOMAINS OF THE FUTURE DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS OF OIL AND GAS RESERVOIRS 3 3 1 CHARACTERISTICS OF CHINESE PETROLEUM GEOLOGY 3 3 2 PETROLEUM DISTRIBUTION PATTERN IN CHINA PART II LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC RESERVOIR IN CHINA 4 MAIN TYPES OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIR AND CHARACTERISTICS OF OIL AND GAS TRAPS INTRODUCTION MAIN TYPES OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIR IN FOUR PROTOTYPE BASINS 4 2 1 RIFTED BASIN CONTAINING RESERVOIR TYPES OF FAN DELTA AND UNDERWATER FAN FACIES 4 2 2 DEPRESSION BASIN CONTAINING LARGE SCALE SANDSTONE RESERVOIRS OF RIVER–DELTA FACIES 4 2 3 FORELAND BASIN CONTAINING SANDSTONE RESERVOIR OF ALLUVIAL FAN, FAN DELTA AND BRAIDED RIVER-DELTA FACIES 4 2 4 CRATON BASIN CONTAINING CARBONATE RESERVOIR AND SANDSTONE RESERVOIR OF LITTORAL FACIES, OR MARINE–TERRIGENOUS DELTA FACIES TYPES OF LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC TRAPS AND PRECONDITIONS FOR MAKING THESE TRAPS 4 3 1 TYPES OF LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC TRAPS 4 3 2 PRECONDITIONS FOR ESTABLISHING LITHOLOGIC TRAPS 4 3 3 PRECONDITIONS FOR ESTABLISHING STRATIGRAPHIC TRAPS 4 3 4 CREATION OF COMPOSITE TRAPS AND THEIR TYPES ANALYSIS OF CONTROLLING FACTORS WHEN LOOKING FOR PETROLEUM TRAPS: “SIX LINES AND FOUR SURFACES” 4 4 1 “SIX LINES” CONTROLLED CREATION OF PETROLEUM TRAPS 4 4 2 “FOUR SURFACES” MANAGED ESTABLISHMENT OF PETROLEUM TRAPS 5 PRIMARY TYPES OF LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC RESERVOIR (ACCUMULATION REGION) AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS RESERVOIR-FORMING COMBINATION OF STRUCTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE CLASSIFICATION OF RESERVOIR-FORMING COMBINATION OF STRUCTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS 5 2 1 PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION 5 2 2 PRIMARY TYPES OF RESERVOIR-FORMING COMBINATION OF STRUCTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS 6 CLASSIFICATION OF PETROLEUM PLAYS AND THEIR MECHANISM DEFINITION OF “ABOVE-SOURCE, IN-SOURCE AND BENEATH-SOURCE” PLAYS 6 1 1 BENEATH-SOURCE PLAY 6 1 2 IN-SOURCE PLAY 6 1 3 ABOVE-SOURCE PLAY CONTROL FACTORS FOR THREE TYPES OF PLAY 6 2 1 ESSENTIAL CONTROL FACTORS FOR THE BENEATH-SOURCE PLAY 6 2 2 FUNDAMENTAL CONTROL FACTORS FOR THE IN-SOURCE PLAY 6 2 3 PRIMARY CONTROL FACTORS FOR THE ABOVE-SOURCE PLAY 6 2 4 OIL AND GAS DISTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENT PLAYS 7 CHARACTERISTICS OF PETROLEUM ACCUMULATION AND DISTRIBUTION IN THE PROTOTYPE BASINS TERRIGENOUS RIFTED BASIN WITH THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A “PETROLIFEROUS RICH DEPRESSION” 7 1 1 GEOLOGICAL SETTINGS FOR A “PETROLIFEROUS RICH DEPRESSION” 7 1 2 OIL AND GAS ACCUMULATIVE PATTERN IN A PETROLEUM RICH DEPRESSION TERRIGENOUS DEPRESSED BASIN WITH THE CHARACTERISTICS OF “DELTA FRONT CONTROLS OIL” 7 2 1 IN-SOURCE PLAY CARRIED OUT IN LARGE ACCUMULATIVE AREA ON DELTA FRONT AND PETROLIFEROUS RICH REGION 7 2 2 ABOVE-SOURCE PLAY BROUGHT A PETROLEUM ACCUMULATIVE ZONE AT THE INTERSECTION OF THE PALEO BULGE AND FAULTED BELT TERRIGENOUS FORELAND BASIN HAS “THRUST BELT AND FAN BODY CONTROLLED OIL” 7 3 1 CHARACTERISTICS OF PETROLEUM ACCUMULATION 7 3 2 OIL AND GAS ACCUMULATIVE PATTERN MARINE CRATON BASIN HAS “HIGH ENERGY FACIES BELT CONTROLLED OIL ON PLATFORM MARGIN” 7 4 1 CARBONATE PLATFORM MARGIN CONTROLLED PETROLEUM ACCUMULATION ON REEF FLAT 7 4 2 PALEO-UPLIFT AND PERICLINAL KARST ZONE CONTROLLED WEATHERING CRUST TYPE OF PETROLEUM ACCUMULATION 7 4 3 LITTORAL ZONE THAT SURROUNDED THE PALEO-UPLIFT CONTROLLED PETROLEUM ACCUMULATION IN THE SANDY CONGLOMERATE 8 EXPLORATION EXAMPLES FOR LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC PETROLEUM RESERVOIR EXPLORATION OF LITHOLOGIC OIL RESERVOIR IN THE BAYINDULAN DEPRESSION, THE ERLIAN BASIN 8 1 1 EXPLORATION HISTORY 8 1 2 ESSENTIAL GEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND AND FAVORABLE EXPLORATION SCENARIO 8 1 3 EMPHASIS ON THE EXPLORATION OF LITHOLOGIC OIL RESERVOIR IN THE BA II STRUCTURE IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE STRATEGIC BREAKTHROUGH 8 1 4 ENHANCED EXPLORATION ACHIEVEMENT DEVELOPED THE ANNUAL PRODUCTION RATE OF A QUARTER OF A MILLION TONS EXPLORATION OF LITHOLOGIC OIL RESERVOIR IN THE CHANGLING DEPRESSION, THE SOUTHERN SONGLIAO BASIN 8 2 1 EXPLORATION HISTORY 8 2 2 NEW INFORMATION ON ACCUMULATIVE CONDITIONS FOR LITHOLOGIC OIL RESERVOIR OVER A BROAD REGION 8 2 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DAQINGZI WELL OIL FIELD EXPLORATION OF LITHOLOGIC OIL RESERVOIR IN THE MESOZOIC LOW PERMEABLE SANDSTONE IN THE EERDUOSI BASIN 8 3 1 EXPLORATION HISTORY 8 3 2 BASIC GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS FOR DEVELOPING A LITHOLOGIC OIL RESERVOIR IN LOW PERMEABLE SANDSTONE EXPLORED LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC PETROLEUM RESERVOIRS IN CARBONATE REEF FLAT IN THE CENTRAL TARIM BASIN 8 4 1 EXPLORATION HISTORY 8 4 2 GEOLOGIC FEATURES OF LARGE SCALE REEF FLAT TYPE OF OIL FIELD IN SLOPE ZONE IN THE CENTRAL TARIM BASIN 8 4 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIRS IN CENTRAL TARIM REGION PART III PETROLEUM EXPLORATION IN FORELAND FOLD AND THRUST BELTS 9 PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF FORELAND THRUST BELTS IN CHINA TECTONIC BACKGROUND OF SINITIC FORELAND BASIN DEVELOPMENT 9 1 1 BASEMENT OF THE PALEOZOIC CONVERGENCE BETWEEN MINIATURE CRATON PLATES 9 1 2 DEVELOPMENT OF THE MESOZOIC TETHYS OCEAN AND NORTHERN MARGIN BASIN GROUP 9 1 3 CENOZOIC COLLISION OF THE INDIAN PLATE AND THE EURASIAN PLATE AND GIGANTIC BASIN AND THE RANGE SYSTEM AROUND THE TIBETAN PLATEAU 9 1 4 CHARACTERISTICS OF DEEP STRUCTURES AND GEODYNAMICS IN FORELAND BASIN IN WESTERN-CENTRAL CHINA DEVELOPMENT OF SINITIC FORELAND BASIN AND ITS FOUR BASIC TYPES 9 2 1 DEVELOPMENT OF FORELAND BASIN AND ITS MAJOR TYPES IN WESTERN CHINA 9 2 2 DEVELOPMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FORELAND BASIN AND ITS COMBINATION TYPES IN WESTERN CHINA FEATURES OF TECTONIC DEFORMATION OF SINITIC FORELAND THRUST BELTS 9 3 1 TYPES OF FORELAND THRUST BELT 9 3 2 GEOLOGIC FRAMEWORK OF FORELAND THRUST BELT 9 3 3 DEFORMED PATTERNS OF FORELAND THRUST BELT 9 3 4 MAJOR FORELAND THRUST BELTS IN CHINA CHARACTERISTICS OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGY IN THE SINITIC FORELAND THRUST BELTS AND PATTERNS OF HYDROCARBON ACCUMULATION 9 4 1 SETTINGS AND FEATURES OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGY IN FORELAND BASINS 9 4 2 GEOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES OF CATEGORIZED CHINESE FORELAND BASIN 9 4 3 OIL AND GAS ACCUMULATION PATTERN IN FORELAND THRUST BELT IN CHINA 10 OIL AND GAS EXPLORATION IN CHINESE FORELAND FOLD AND THRUST BELTS OIL AND GAS EXPLORATION IN THE KUCHE FORELAND FOLD AND THRUST BELT AND THE KELA 2 NATURAL GAS FIELD 10 1 1 OIL AND GAS EXPLORATION HISTORY OF THE KUCHE FORELAND FOLD AND THRUST BELT 10 1 2 GEOLOGICAL SETTINGS AND PETROLEUM SYSTEMS IN THE KUCHE FORELAND FOLD AND THRUST BELT 10 1 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE KELA 2 GAS FIELD OIL AND GAS EXPLORATION IN THE JIUQUAN FORELAND FOLD AND THRUST BELT AND THE QINGXI OIL FIELD 10 2 1 OIL AND GAS EXPLORATION HISTORY OF THE JIUQUAN FORELAND FOLD AND THRUST BELT 10 2 2 GEOLOGIC SETTINGS AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY IN THE JIUQUAN FORELAND FOLD AND THRUST BELT 10 2 3 DISCOVERY OF THE QINGXI OIL FIELD AND CHARACTERISTICS OF OIL RESERVOIR PART IV DEEPLY BURIED PETROLEUM RESERVOIRS IN CHINA 11 CHARACTERISTICS OF A SUPERIMPOSED BASIN AND THE PROMISE OF A BURIED PETROLEUM PLAY CHARACTERISTICS OF SUPERIMPOSING AND TYPES OF SUPERIMPOSED BASIN CONCEPT OF SUPERIMPOSED BASIN TECTONIC BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS OF SUPERIMPOSED BASIN TYPES OF ONSHORE SUPERIMPOSED BASIN GEOLOGIC FEATURES OF DEEPLY BURIED PETROLEUM SYSTEMS AND THEIR PROBABLE RESOURCES GEOLOGIC FEATURES PROBABLE RESOURCES DEEPLY BURIED PETROLEUM SYSTEMS LOWER CRATON PETROLEUM SYSTEM UPPER CRATON PETROLEUM SYSTEM MESOZOIC PETROLEUM SYSTEM IN EASTERN CHINA EXPLORATION DIRECTION FOR DEEPLY BURIED OIL AND GAS IN THE SUPERIMPOSED BASINS TARIM BASIN EERDUOSI BASIN SICHUAN BASIN DEEP LEVEL IN THE ZHUNGEER BASIN DEEP LEVEL IN THE BOHAI BAY BASIN DEEP LEVEL IN THE SONGLIAO BASIN 12 PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF CARBONATE RESERVOIR DEPOSITIONAL FEATURES OF RESERVOIR SEQUENCES 12 1 1 CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SEDIMENTARY FACIES 12 1 2 CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF RESERVOIR SEQUENCES AND CONTROLLING FACTORS OF SEQUENCE DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM, DISTRIBUTION AND EXPLORATION DOMAIN OF A CARBONATE RESERVOIR 12 2 1 CLASSIFICATION OF A CARBONATE RESERVOIR AND ITS FEATURES 12 2 2 PRIMARY CONTROL FACTORS FOR DEVELOPMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF CARBONATE RESERVOIR 12 2 3 MAJOR EXPLORATION DOMAIN IN CARBONATE ROCKS 13 GEOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF A VOLCANIC PETROLEUM RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS AND DISTRIBUTION OF VOLCANIC SEQUENCES IN CHINESE PETROLEUM BASINS 13 1 1 DISTRIBUTION PATTERN OF VOLCANIC ROCKS 13 1 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF VOLCANIC RESERVOIR SEQUENCES CONTROL FACTORS FOR OIL AND GAS ACCUMULATION IN THE VOLCANIC RESERVOIRS 13 2 1 VOLCANIC ENTITY CONTROLLED THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE OIL AND GAS RESERVOIR 13 2 2 HYDROCARBON SOURCE ROCKS CONTROLLED DEVELOPMENT OF VOLCANIC OIL AND GAS RESERVOIR 13 2 3 FAULTS, UNCONFORMITY SURFACE AND PALEO-UPLIFT CONTROLLED VOLCANIC OIL AND GAS RESERVOIRS GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE VOLCANIC PETROLEUM RESERVOIR AND THE NATURAL RESOURCES IN THE SONGLIAO BASIN 13 3 1 GEOCHEMICAL FEATURES OF THE CARBON DIOXIDE GAS RESERVOIR 13 3 2 DISTRIBUTION OF THE CARBON DIOXIDE GAS RESERVOIR 13 3 3 RESOURCE OF NON-ORGANIC CARBON DIOXIDE 14 EXAMPLES OF PETROLEUM EXPLORATION ORDOVICIAN PETROLEUM RESERVOIR IN THE TARIM BASIN 14 1 1 HISTORY OF PETROLEUM EXPLORATION 14 1 2 CONDITION OF THE HYDROCARBON SOURCE ROCK 14 1 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESERVOIR SEQUENCES 14 1 4 TYPES OF OIL AND GAS RESERVOIRS 14 1 5 NATURE OF FLUIDS REEF FLAT TYPE OF GAS RESERVOIR IN THE CHANGXING–FEIXIANGUAN FORMATIONS IN THE LONGGANG AREA, SICHUAN BASIN 14 2 1 EXPLORATION HISTORY 14 2 2 HYDROCARBON SOURCE ROCKS 14 2 3 RESERVOIR SEQUENCES 14 2 4 TYPES OF GAS RESERVOIRS 14 2 5 NATURE OF FLUIDS CRETACEOUS VOLCANIC GAS FIELD IN THE XUJIAWEIZI FAULTED DEPRESSION, THE SONGLIAO BASIN 14 3 1 EXPLORATION HISTORY 14 3 2 HYDROCARBON SOURCE ROCK 14 3 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESERVOIR SEQUENCES 14 3 4 TYPES OF NATURAL GAS RESERVOIRS 14 3 5 NATURE OF FLUIDS CARBONIFEROUS VOLCANIC GAS FIELD IN THE ZHUNGEER BASIN 14 4 1 EXPLORATION HISTORY 14 4 2 HYDROCARBON SOURCE ROCKS 14 4 3 RESERVOIR SEQUENCES 14 4 4 TYPES OF GAS RESERVOIR 14 4 5 NATURE OF FLUIDS