HANDBOOK OF SOIL ANALYSIS
CONTENTS PART 1 - MINERALOGICAL ANALYSIS CHAPTER 1 WATER CONTENT AND LOSS ON IGNITION 11 INTRODUCTION 12 WATER CONTENT AT 105°C (H2O?) 121 PRINCIPLE 122 MATERIALS 123 SAMPLE 124 PROCEDURE 125 REMARKS 13 LOSS ON IGNITION AT 1,000°C (H2O+) 131 INTRODUCTION 132 PRINCIPLE 133 EQUIPMENT 134 PROCEDURE 135 CALCULATIONS 136 REMARKS BIBLIOGRAPHY CHAPTER 2 PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS 21 INTRODUCTION 211 PARTICLE SIZE IN SOIL SCIENCE 212 PRINCIPLE 213 LAW OF SEDIMENTATION 214 CONDITIONS FOR APPLICATION OF STOKES LAW 22 STANDARD METHODS 221 PRETREATMENT OF THE SAMPLE 222 PARTICLE SUSPENSION AND DISPERSION 223 PIPETTE METHOD AFTER ROBINSON-KÖHN OR ANDREASEN 224 DENSITY METHOD WITH VARIABLE DEPTH 225 DENSITY METHOD WITH CONSTANT DEPTH 226 PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS OF SANDS ONLY 23 AUTOMATED EQUIPMENT 231 INTRODUCTION 232 METHOD USING SEDIMENTATION BY SIMPLE GRAVITY 233 METHODS USING ACCELERATED SEDIMENTATION 234 METHODS USING LASER SCATTERING AND DIFFRACTION 235 METHODS USING OPTICAL AND ELECTRIC PROPERTIES 236 METHODS ALLOWING DIRECT OBSERVATIONS OF THE PARTICLES 237 METHODS USING CONDUCTIVITY REFERENCES GENERALITY CHAPTER 3 FRACTIONATION OF THE COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS 31 INTRODUCTION 32 FRACTIONATION BY CONTINUOUS CENTRIFUGATION 321 PRINCIPLE 322 THEORY 324 PROCEDURE CHAPTER 4 MINERALOGICAL CHARACTERISATIONS BY X-RAY DIFFRACTOMETRY 41 INTRODUCTION 411 X-RAY DIFFRACTION AND MINERALOGY 412 PRINCIPLE 413 XRD INSTRUMENTATION 421 OVERVIEW OF PREPARATION OF THE SAMPLES 422 PREPARATION FOR POWDER DIAGRAMS 423 PREPARATION FOR ORIENTED DIAGRAMS 424 PRETREATMENT OF CLAYS 425 QUALITATIVE DIFFRACTOMETRY 431 INTEREST 432 QUANTITATIVE MINERALOGICAL ANALYSIS BY XRD 433 MULTI-INSTRUMENTAL QUANTITATIVE MINERALOGICAL ANALYSIS GENERAL SATURATION OF CLAYS BY CATIONS SATURATION, SOLVATION, INTERCALATION COMPLEX, DISSOLUTION PREPARATION OF IRON OXIDES QUANTITATIVE XRD CHAPTER 5 MINERALOGICAL ANALYSIS BY INFRA-RED SPECTROMETRY 51 INTRODUCTION 511 PRINCIPLE 512 IR INSTRUMENTATION 521 EQUIPMENT AND PRODUCTS 522 PREPARATION OF THE SAMPLES 524 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS PRE-TREATMENT PIPETTE METHOD HYDROMETER METHOD INSTRUMENTAL METHODS 33 PRETREATMENT OF THE EXTRACTED PHASES 42 QUALITATIVE DIFFRACTOMETRY 43 QUANTITATIVE MINERALOGICAL ANALYSIS 52 IR SPECTROMETRY IN MINERALOGY 523 BRIEF GUIDE TO INTERPRETATION OF THE SPECTRA PREPARATION OF ORIENTED AGGREGATES ON POROUS CERAMIC PLATE 323 EQUIPMENT AND REAGENTS CHAPTER 6 MINERALOGICAL SEPARATION BY SELECTIVE DISSOLUTION 61 INTRODUCTION 611 CRYSTALLINITY OF CLAY MINERALS 612 INSTRUMENTAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS 613 SELECTIVE DISSOLUTION METHODS 614 REAGENTS AND SYNTHETIC STANDARDS 62 MAIN SELECTIVE DISSOLUTION METHODS 621 ACID OXALATE METHOD UNDER DARKNESS (AOD) 622 DITHIONITE-CITRATE-BICARBONATE METHOD (DCB) 624 PYROPHOSPHATE METHOD 63 OTHER METHODS, IMPROVEMENTS AND CHOICES 631 DIFFERENTIAL SEQUENTIAL METHODS 632 SELECTIVE METHODS FOR AMORPHOUS PRODUCTS CHAPTER 7 THERMAL ANALYSIS 71 INTRODUCTION 711 DEFINITION 712 INTEREST 72 CLASSICAL METHODS 721 THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS 722 DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ANALYSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY 73 MULTI-COMPONENT APPARATUSES FOR THERMAL ANALYSIS 731 CONCEPTS 732 COUPLING THERMAL ANALYSIS AND EVOLVED GAS ANALYSIS CHRONOBIBLIOGRAPHY CHAPTER 8 MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS 81 INTRODUCTION 82 PREPARATION OF THE SAMPLES 821 INTEREST 822 COATING AND IMPREGNATION, THIN SECTIONS 823 GRIDS AND REPLICAS FOR TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 824 MOUNTING THE SAMPLES FOR SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 825 SURFACE TREATMENT (SHADOWING, FLASH-CARBON, METALLIZATION) 532 COUPLING THERMAL MEASUREMENTS AND FTIR SPECTROMETRY OF VOLATILE PRODUCTS 533 INFRARED MICROSCOPY 53 OTHER IR TECHNIQUES 531 NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROMETRY (NIRS) 534 RAMAN SCATTERING SPECTROSCOPY 623 EDTA METHOD 625 EXTRACTION IN STRONGLY ALKALINE MEDIUMS 633 BRIEF OVERVIEW TO THE USE OF THE DIFFERENTIAL METHODS CHAPTER 9 PHYSICAL FRACTIONATION OF ORGANIC MATTER 91 PRINCIPLE AND LIMITATIONS 911 FORMS OF ORGANIC MATTER IN SOIL 912 PRINCIPLE 913 DIFFICULTIES 92 METHODS 921 CLASSIFICATION 922 EXTRACTION OF PLANT ROOTS 923 DISPERSION OF THE PARTICLES 924 SEPARATION BY DENSITY 925 PARTICLE SIZE FRACTIONATIONS 926 PRECISION OF THE FRACTIONATION METHODS 93 CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK CHAPTER 10 ORGANIC AND TOTAL C, N (H, O, S) ANALYSIS 101 INTRODUCTION 1011 SOIL ORGANIC MATTER 1012 SAMPLING, PREPARATION OF THE SAMPLES, ANALYTICAL SIGNIFICANCE 102 WET METHODS 1021 TOTAL CARBON: GENERAL INFORMATION 1027 KJELDAHL N, TITRATION BY SPECTROCOLORIMETRY 1029 MECHANIZATION AND AUTOMATION OF THE KJELDAHL METHOD – AND FIXED N 103 DRY METHODS 1031 TOTAL CARBON BY SIMPLE VOLATILIZATION 1033 CHNOS BY THERMAL ANALYSIS PART 2 - ORGANIC ANALYSIS 83 MICROSCOPE STUDIES 831 OPTICAL MICROSCOPY 832 ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, GENERAL INFORMATION 833 TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, MICRO-DIFFRACTION 834 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 835 ULTIMATE MICRO-ANALYSIS BY X-RAY SPECTROMETRY 1022 ORGANIC CARBON BY WET OXIDATION AT THE TEMPERATURE OF REACTION 1023 ORGANIC CARBON BY WET OXIDATION AT CONTROLLED TEMPERATURE 1024 ORGANIC CARBON BY WET OXIDATION AND SPECTROCOLORIMETRY 1025 TOTAL NITROGEN BY WET METHOD: INTRODUCTION 1026 TOTAL NITROGEN BY KJELDAHL METHOD AND TITRIMETRY 1028 KJELDAHL N, TITRATION BY SELECTIVE ELECTRODE 1123 PRECISION AND CORRESPONDENCE OF THE EXTRACTION METHODS 113 FURTHER ALTERNATIVES AND COMPLEMENTS METHODS 1131 ALTERNATIVE METHOD OF EXTRACTION 1132 FRACTIONATION OF THE HUMIN RESIDUE CHAPTER 12 CHARACTERIZATION OF HUMIC COMPOUNDS 121 INTRODUCTION 1211 MECHANISMS OF FORMATION 1212 MOLECULAR STRUCTURE 122 CLASSICAL TECHNIQUES 1221 FRACTIONATION OF HUMIC COMPOUNDS 1222 TITRATION OF THE MAIN FUNCTIONAL GROUPS 1223 UV–VISIBLE SPECTROMETRY 1224 INFRA-RED SPECTROGRAPHY 123 COMPLEMENTARY TECHNIQUES 1231 IMPROVEMENTS IN FRACTIONATION TECHNOLOGIES 1232 TITRATION OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS 1233 CHARACTERIZATION BY FRAGMENTATION 1234 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE (NMR) 1235 FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY 1236 ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE (ESR) SPECTROSCOPY 1238 MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS 1239 OTHER TECHNIQUES MOLECULAR MODELS FRACTIONATION, DETERMINATION OF MOLECULAR WEIGHTS AND MOLECULAR SIZES FUNCTIONAL GROUP OF HUMIC COMPOUNDS SPECTROMETRIC CHARACTERIZATIONS NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 112 MAIN TECHNIQUES 1121 EXTRACTION 1122 QUANTIFICATION OF THE EXTRACTS 1035 SIMULTANEOUS ANALYSIS OF THE DIFFERENT C AND N ISOTOPES CHAPTER 11 QUANTIFICATION OF HUMIC COMPOUNDS 111 HUMUS IN SOILS 1111 DEFINITIONS 1112 ROLE IN THE SOIL AND ENVIRONMENT 1113 EXTRACTIONS 1124 PURIFICATION OF HUMIC MATERIALS HUMIC MATERIALS EXTRACTION, TITRATION, PURIFICATION AND FRACTIONATION OF HUMIC MATERIALS 1237 MEASUREMENT OF MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND MOLECULAR SIZE 1034 C AND N NON-DESTRUCTIVE INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS UV–VISIBLE, IR, FLUORESCENCE, ESR SPECTROMETRIES 133 COMPLEMENTARY TECHNIQUES 1332 CARBOHYDRATES BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY 1333 FRACTIONATION AND STUDY OF THE SOIL LIPID FRACTION 1334 MEASUREMENT OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES AND POLLUTANTS CHAPTER 14 ORGANIC FORMS OF NITROGEN, MINERALIZABLE NITROGEN (AND CARBON) 141 INTRODUCTION 1411 THE NITROGEN CYCLE 1412 TYPES OF METHODS 142 CLASSICAL METHODS 1424 POTENTIALLY AVAILABLE NITROGEN: BIOLOGICAL METHODS 1425 POTENTIALLY MINERALIZABLE NITROGEN: CHEMICAL METHODS 1426 KINETICS OF MINERALIZATION 143 COMPLEMENTARY METHODS 1431 ALTERNATIVE PROCEDURES FOR ACID HYDROLYSIS 1434 PROTEINS AND GLYCOPROTEINS (GLOMALIN) 1435 POTENTIALLY MINERALIZABLE NITROGEN BY EUF 1324 TITRATION OF SUGARS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY 1325 QUANTIFICATION OF TOTAL LIPIDS 1326 QUANTIFICATION OF THE WATER-SOLUBLE ORGANICS CHAPTER 13 MEASUREMENT OF NON-HUMIC MOLECULES 131 INTRODUCTION 1311 NON-HUMIC MOLECULES 1312 SOIL CARBOHYDRATES 1313 SOIL LIPIDS 1314 PESTICIDES AND POLLUTANTS 1321 ACID HYDROLYSIS OF POLYSACCHARIDES 1322 PURIFICATION OF ACID HYDROLYSATES 1323 COLORIMETRIC TITRATION OF SUGARS METHODS OF CHARACTERIZATION BY FRAGMENTATION 132 CLASSICAL TECHNIQUES OTHER METHODS (MICROSCOPY, X-RAY, ELECTROCHEMISTRY, ETC) SOIL CARBOHYDRATES SOIL LIPIDS AQUEOUS EXTRACT PESTICIDES AND POLLUTANTS 1421 FORMS OF ORGANIC NITROGEN RELEASED BY ACID HYDROLYSIS 1423 UREA TITRATION 1331 CARBOHYDRATES BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY 1422 ORGANIC FORMS OF NITROGEN: SIMPLIFIED METHOD 1433 DETERMINATION OF AMINO SUGARS 1432 DETERMINATION OF AMINO ACIDS CHAPTER 15 PH MEASUREMENT 151 INTRODUCTION 1511 SOIL PH 1512 DIFFICULTIES 1513 THEORETICAL ASPECTS 152 CLASSICAL MEASUREMENTS 1521 METHODS 1522 COLORIMETRIC METHOD 1523 ELECTROMETRIC METHOD 1524 ELECTROMETRIC CHECKING AND CALIBRATION 1525 MEASUREMENT ON AQUEOUS SOIL SUSPENSIONS 1526 DETERMINATION OF THE PH-K AND PH-CA 1527 MEASUREMENT ON SATURATED PASTES 1528 MEASUREMENT ON THE SATURATION EXTRACT 1529 MEASUREMENT OF THE PH-NAF 153 IN SITU MEASUREMENTS 1531 EQUIPMENT 1532 INSTALLATION IN THE FIELD 1533 MEASUREMENT ON SOIL MONOLITHS APPENDIX APPENDIX 1: TABLE OF ELECTRODE POTENTIALS APPENDIX 2: CONSTANTS OF DISSOCIATION OF CERTAIN EQUILIBRIUMS APPENDIX 3: BUFFER SOLUTIONS APPENDIX 4: COLOURED INDICATORS CHAPTER 16 REDOX POTENTIAL 161 DEFINITIONS AND PRINCIPLE 162 EQUIPMENT AND REAGENTS 1621 ELECTRODES 1622 SALT BRIDGE FOR CONNECTION 1623 SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT 1624 CALIBRATION SOLUTIONS DETERMINATION OF AMINO ACIDS DETERMINATION OF AMINO SUGARS GLOMALIN UREA TITRATION POTENTIALLY MINERALIZABLE NITROGEN: GENERAL PAPERS POTENTIALLY MINERALIZABLE NITROGEN: BIOLOGICAL METHODS POTENTIALLY MINERALIZABLE NITROGEN: CHEMICAL METHODS POTENTIALLY MINERALIZABLE NITROGEN BY EUF MINERALIZATION KINETICS ORGANIC NITROGEN FORMS: GENERAL ARTICLES NITROGEN FORMS BY ACID HYDROLYSIS AND DISTILLATION IMPROVEMENT OF ACID HYDROLYSIS PART 3 - INORGANIC ANALYSIS – EXCHANGEABLE AND TOTAL ELEMENTS 1722 VOLUMETRIC MEASUREMENT BY CALCIMETRY 1723 ACIDIMETRY 173 TITRATION OF ACTIVE CARBONATE 1731 PRINCIPLE 1732 IMPLEMENTATION 1733 INDEX OF CHLOROSIS POTENTIAL CHAPTER 18 SOLUBLE SALTS 181 INTRODUCTION 182 EXTRACTION 1821 SOIL/SOLUTION RATIO 1822 EXTRACTION OF SATURATED PASTE 1823 DILUTED EXTRACTS 1824 IN SITU SAMPLING OF THE SOIL WATER 1825 EXTRACTS WITH HOT WATER 183 MEASUREMENT AND TITRATION 1831 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF EXTRACTS 1832 IN SITU CONDUCTIVITY 1833 TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLID MATERIAL 1834 SOLUBLE CATIONS 1835 EXTRACTABLE CARBONATE AND BICARBONATE (ALKALINITY) 1836 EXTRACTABLE CHLORIDE 1837 EXTRACTABLE BORON 1838 TITRATION OF EXTRACTABLE ANIONS BY IONIC CHROMATOGRAPHY 1839 EXPRESSION OF THE RESULTS CHAPTER 19 EXCHANGE COMPLEX 191 INTRODUCTION 192 ORIGIN OF CHARGES 1921 IONIC EXCHANGE 1635 MEASUREMENT OF OXYGEN DIFFUSION RATE 1636 COLORIMETRIC TEST OF EH CHAPTER 17 CARBONATES 171 INTRODUCTION 172 MEASUREMENT OF TOTAL CARBONATES 1721 INTRODUCTION 163 PROCEDURE 1631 PRETREATMENT OF THE ELECTRODE 1632 MEASUREMENT ON SOIL SAMPLE 1633 MEASUREMENT ON SOIL MONOLITH 1634 IN SITU MEASUREMENTS 1837 EXTRACTABLE SULPHATE, NITRATE AND PHOSPHATE CHAPTER 21 PERMANENT AND VARIABLE CHARGES 211 INTRODUCTION 212 MAIN METHODS 2121 MEASUREMENT OF VARIABLE CHARGES 2122 DETERMINATION OF PERMANENT CHARGES CHAPTER 22 EXCHANGEABLE CATIONS 221 INTRODUCTION 2211 EXCHANGEABLE CATIONS OF SOIL 2212 EXTRACTING REAGENTS 2213 EQUIPMENT 222 AMMONIUM ACETATE METHOD AT PH 2221 PRINCIPLE 2222 PROCEDURE 223 AUTOMATED CONTINUOUS EXTRACTION CHAPTER 23 EXCHANGEABLE ACIDITY 231 INTRODUCTION 2311 ORIGIN OF ACIDITY 2312 AIMS OF THE ANALYSIS 232 METHOD 2321 PRINCIPLE 2322 REAGENTS 2323 PROCEDURE 233 OTHER METHODS CHAPTER 20 ISOELECTRIC AND ZERO CHARGE POINTS 201 INTRODUCTION 2011 CHARGES OF COLLOIDS 2012 DEFINITIONS 2013 CONDITIONS FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF CHARGE 202 MAIN METHODS 1922 EXCHANGE COMPLEX 1923 THEORY 2021 MEASUREMENT OF PH0 (PZSE), LONG EQUILIBRIUM TIME 2022 POINT OF ZERO SALT EFFECT (PZSE), SHORT EQUILIBRIUM TIME 2523 PROCEDURE 2524 REMARKS CHAPTER 26 CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY 261 INTRODUCTION 2611 THEORETICAL ASPECTS 262 DETERMINATION OF EFFECTIVE CEC BY SUMMATION (ECEC) 2621 PRINCIPLE 2622 ALTERNATIVE METHODS 263 CEC MEASUREMENT AT SOIL PH IN NOT-BUFFERED MEDIUM 2631 PRINCIPLE 2632 METHODS USING NOT-BUFFERED METALLIC SALTS 2633 PROCEDURE USING NOT-BUFFERED ORGANO METALLIC CATIONS 264 CEC MEASUREMENT IN BUFFERED MEDIUM 2641 BUFFERED METHODS — GENERAL INFORMATION 2642 AMMONIUM ACETATE METHOD AT PH 70 2643 BUFFERED METHODS AT PH 80–86 2644 BUFFERED METHODS AT DIFFERENT PH BARIUM METHOD AT SOIL PH BUFFERED METHOD AT PH 70 COBALTIHEXAMINE CEC SILVER-THIOUREA 2423 PROCEDURE 2424 REMARKS CHAPTER 25 EXCHANGE SELECTIVITY, CATION EXCHANGE ISOTHERM 251 INTRODUCTION 252 DETERMINATION OF THE EXCHANGE ISOTHERM 2521 PRINCIPLE 2522 REAGENTS CHAPTER 24 LIME REQUIREMENT 241 INTRODUCTION 2411 CORRECTION OF SOIL ACIDITY 2412 CALCULATION OF CORRECTION 242 SMP BUFFER METHOD 2421 PRINCIPLE 2422 REAGENTS 2634 NOT-BUFFERED METHODS USING ORGANIC CATIONS CEC GENERAL THEORY CEC WITH ORGANIC CATIONS (COLOURED REAGENTS) BUFFERED METHODS AT PH 80–86 BARIUM CHLORIDE-TRIETHANOLAMINE AT PH 81 2612 VARIABLES THAT INFLUENCE THE DETERMINATION OF CEC 2822 SEPARATION BY MICRO-DIFFUSION 2823 COLORIMETRIC TITRATION OF AMMONIUM 2824 COLORIMETRIC TITRATION OF NITRITES 2825 COLORIMETRIC TITRATION OF NITRATES 2826 EXTRACTED ORGANIC NITROGEN 283 OTHER METHODS 2831 NITRATE AND NITRITE BY PHOTOMETRIC UV ABSORPTION 2832 AMMONIUM TITRATION USING A SELECTIVE ELECTRODE 2833 MEASUREMENT OF NITRATES WITH AN ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODE 2834 IN SITU MEASUREMENT 2835 NON-EXCHANGEABLE AMMONIUM CHAPTER 29 PHOSPHORUS 291 INTRODUCTION 292 TOTAL SOIL PHOSPHORUS 2921 INTRODUCTION 2922 WET MINERALIZATION FOR TOTAL ANALYSES 2923 DRY MINERALIZATION 293 FRACTIONATION OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF PHOSPHORUS 2931 INTRODUCTION 2932 SEQUENTIAL METHODS 2933 SELECTIVE EXTRACTIONS – AVAILABILITY INDICES 2934 ISOTOPIC DILUTION METHODS 2935 DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS 294 RETENTION OF PHOSPHORUS 2941 INTRODUCTION 2942 DETERMINATION OF P RETENTION 281 INTRODUCTION 2811 AMMONIUM, NITRATE AND NITRITE 2813 SAMPLING PROBLEMS 2814 ANALYTICAL PROBLEMS 2821 EXTRACTION OF EXCHANGEABLE FORMS CHAPTER 27 ANION EXCHANGE CAPACITY 271 THEORY 272 MEASUREMENT 2721 PRINCIPLE 2722 METHOD 273 SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENT OF AEC, EC, CEC AND NET CEC 2731 AIM 2732 DESCRIPTION CHAPTER 28 INORGANIC FORMS OF NITROGEN 282 USUAL METHODS 3028 SULPHATE TITRATION BY COLORIMETRY WITH METHYL THYMOL BLUE 3029 TOTAL SULPHUR BY AUTOMATED DRY CHN(OS) ULTIMATE ANALYSIS 2–-S BY IONIC CHROMATOGRAPHY 30211 TOTAL S TITRATION BY PLASMA EMISSION SPECTROMETRY 30212 TITRATION BY X-RAY FLUORESCENCE 30213 TITRATION BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY 30214 ANALYTICAL FRACTIONATION OF SULPHUR COMPOUNDS 30215 TITRATION OF ORGANIC S BOUND TO C 30216 TITRATION OF ORGANIC S NOT BOUND TO C 30217 EXTRACTION AND TITRATION OF SOLUBLE SULPHIDES 30218 TITRATION OF SULPHUR IN PYRITES 30219 TITRATION OF ELEMENTARY SULPHUR 30220 TITRATION OF WATER SOLUBLE SULPHATES 30221 TITRATION OF NA3-EDTA EXTRACTABLE SULPHATES 30222 TITRATION OF JAROSITE 30223 SEQUENTIAL ANALYSIS OF S FORMS 303 SULPHUR OF GYPSEOUS SOILS 3031 GYPSEOUS SOILS 3032 PRELIMINARY TESTS 3033 EXTRACTION AND TITRATION FROM MULTIPLE EXTRACTS 3034 GYPSUM DETERMINATION BY ACETONE PRECIPITATION 304 SULPHUR AND GYPSUM REQUIREMENT OF SOIL 3041 INTRODUCTION 3042 PLANT SULPHUR REQUIREMENT 3043 GYPSUM REQUIREMENT 3024 TITRATION OF TOTAL SULPHUR 3025 TOTAL S SOLUBILISATION BY ALKALINE OXIDIZING FUSION 3026 TOTAL SOLUBILISATION BY SODIUM HYPOBROMITE IN ALKALINE MEDIUM 3027 S TITRATION WITH METHYLEN BLUE COLORIMETRY CHAPTER 30 SULPHUR 301 INTRODUCTION 3011 SULPHUR COMPOUNDS 3012 MINERALOGICAL STUDIES 3021 CHARACTERISTICS OF FLUVIOMARINE SOILS 3023 TESTING FOR SOLUBLE SULPHUR FORMS 295 TITRATION OF P IN THE EXTRACTS 2951 INTRODUCTION 2952 TITRATION OF ORTHO-PHOSPHORIC P BY SPECTROCOLORIMETRY 2954 TITRATION OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF P BY 31P NMR 2955 SEPARATION OF P COMPOUNDS BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY 296 DIRECT SPECIATION OF P IN SITU, OR ON EXTRACTED PARTICLES 302 TOTAL SULPHUR AND SULPHUR COMPOUNDS 3022 SOIL SAMPLING AND SAMPLE PREPARATION 2953 P TITRATION BY ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY 3131 METHOD 3133 NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 31211 ANALYSIS BY FLAME ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY 31212 ANALYSIS OF TRACE ELEMENTS BY HYDRIDE AND COLD VAPOUR AAS 31215 ANALYSIS BY INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY 3123 ACID ATTACK IN OPEN VESSEL 3124 ACID ATTACK IN CLOSED VESSEL 3125 MICROWAVE MINERALIZATION 3126 ALKALINE FUSION 3127 SELECTIVE EXTRACTIONS 3128 MEASUREMENT METHODS CHAPTER 31 ANALYSIS OF EXTRACTABLE AND TOTAL ELEMENTS 311 ELEMENTS OF SOILS 3111 MAJOR ELEMENTS 3112 TRACE ELEMENTS AND POLLUTANTS 3113 BIOGENIC AND TOXIC ELEMENTS 3114 ANALYSIS OF TOTAL ELEMENTS 3115 EXTRACTABLE ELEMENTS 312 METHODS USING SOLUBILIZATION 3121 TOTAL SOLUBILIZATION METHODS 3122 MEAN REAGENTS FOR COMPLETE DISSOLUTIONS 313 ANALYSIS ON SOLID MEDIUM 3129 SPECTROCOLORIMETRIC ANALYSIS 31210 ANALYSIS BY FLAME ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROMETRY 31213 ANALYSIS OF TRACE ELEMENTS BY ELECTROTHERMAL AAS 31214 ANALYSIS BY INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA-AES 3132 X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS