THE GEOLOGICAL EVIDENCES OF THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN

By BARBARA DAVIS

CONTENTS CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION PRELIMINARY REMARKS ON THE SUBJECTS TREATED OF IN THIS WORK— DEFINITION OF THE TERMS RECENT, POST-PLIOCENE, AND POST- TERTIARY—TABULAR VIEW OF THE ENTIRE SERIES OF FOSSILIFEROUS STRATA CHAPTER II RECENT PERIOD—DANISH PEAT AND SHELL MOUNDS—SWISS LAKE DWELLINGS WORKS OF ART IN DANISH PEAT-MOSSES—REMAINS OF THREE PERIODS OF VEGETATION IN THE PEAT—AGES OF STONE, BRONZE, AND IRON—SHELL-MOUNDS OR ANCIENT REFUSE-HEAPS OF THE DANISH ISLANDS—CHANGE IN GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF MARINE MOLLUSCA SINCE THEIR ORIGIN—EMBEDDED REMAINS OF MAMMALIA OF RECENT SPECIES—HUMAN SKULLS OF THE SAME PERIOD—SWISS LAKE-DWELLINGS BUILT ON PILES—STONE AND BRONZE IMPLEMENTS FOUND IN THEM—FOSSIL CEREALS AND OTHER PLANTS—REMAINS OF MAMMALIA, WILD AND DOMESTICATED—NO EXTINCT SPECIES—CHRONOLOGICAL COMPUTATIONS OF THE DATE OF THE BRONZE AND STONE PERIODS IN SWITZERLAND—LAKE- DWELLINGS, OR ARTIFICIAL ISLANDS CALLED ‘CRANNOGES,’ IN IRELAND CHAPTER III FOSSIL HUMAN REMAINS AND WORKS OF ART OF THE RECENT PERIOD DELTA AND ALLUVIAL PLAIN OF THE NILE—BURNT BRICKS IN EGYPT BEFORE THE ROMAN ERA—BORINGS IN 1851–54—ANCIENT MOUNDS OF THE VALLEY OF THE OHIO—THEIR ANTIQUITY— SEPULCHRAL MOUND AT SANTOS IN BRAZIL—DELTA OF THE MISSISSIPPI—ANCIENT HUMAN REMAINS IN CORAL REEFS OF FLORIDA—CHANGES IN PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY IN THE HUMAN PERIOD—BURIED CANOES IN MARINE STRATA NEAR GLASGOW— UPHEAVAL SINCE THE ROMAN OCCUPATION OF THE SHORES OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH—FOSSIL WHALES NEAR STIRLING—UPRAISED MARINE STRATA OF SWEDEN ON SHORES OF THE BALTIC AND THE OCEAN— ATTEMPTS TO COMPUTE THEIR AGE CHAPTER IV POST-PLIOCENE PERIOD BONES OF MAN AND EXTINCT MAMMALIA IN BELGIAN CAVERNS EARLIEST DISCOVERIES IN CAVES OF LANGUEDOC OF HUMAN REMAINS WITH BONES OF EXTINCT MAMMALIA—RESEARCHES IN 1833 OF DR SCHMERLING IN THE LIÉGE CAVERNS—SCATTERED PORTIONS OF HUMAN SKELETONS ASSOCIATED WITH BONES OF ELEPHANT AND RHINOCEROS—DISTRIBUTION AND PROBABLE MODE OF INTRODUCTION OF THE BONES—IMPLEMENTS OF FLINT AND BONE— SCHMERLING’S CONCLUSIONS AS TO THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN IGNORED—PRESENT STATE OF THE BELGIAN CAVES—HUMAN BONES RECENTLY FOUND IN CAVE OF ENGIHOUL—ENGULFED RIVERS— STALAGMITIC CRUST—ANTIQUITY OF THE HUMAN REMAINS IN BELGIUM HOW-PROVED CHAPTER V POST-PLIOCENE PERIOD FOSSIL HUMAN SKULLS OF THE NEANDERTHAL AND ENGIS CAVES HUMAN SKELETON FOUND IN CAVE NEAR DÜSSELDORF—ITS GEOLOGICAL POSITION AND PROBABLE AGE—ITS ABNORMAL AND APE- LIKE CHARACTERS—FOSSIL HUMAN SKULL OF THE ENGIS CAVE NEAR LIÉGE—PROFESSOR HUXLEY’S DESCRIPTION OF THESE SKULLS— COMPARISON OF EACH, WITH EXTREME VARIETIES OF THE NATIVE AUSTRALIAN RACE—RANGE OF CAPACITY IN THE HUMAN AND SIMIAN BRAINS—SKULL FROM BORREBY IN DENMARK— CONCLUSIONS OF PROFESSOR HUXLEY—BEARING OF THE PECULIAR CHARACTERS OF THE NEANDERTHAL SKULL ON THE HYPOTHESIS OF TRANSMUTATION CHAPTER VI POST-PLIOCENE ALLUVIUM AND CAVE DEPOSITS WITH FLINT IMPLEMENTS GENERAL POSITION OF DRIFT WITH EXTINCT MAMMALIA IN VALLEYS— DISCOVERIES OF MBOUCHER DE PERTHES AT ABBEVILLE—FLINT IMPLEMENTS FOUND ALSO AT ST ACHEUL, NEAR AMIENS—CURIOSITY AWAKENED BY THE SYSTEMATIC EXPLORATION OF THE BRIXHAM CAVE—FLINT KNIVES IN SAME, WITH BONES OF EXTINCT MAMMALIA—SUPERPOSITION OF DEPOSITS IN THE CAVE—VISITS OF ENGLISH AND FRENCH GEOLOGISTS TO ABBEVILLE AND AMIENS CHAPTER VII PEAT AND POST-PLIOCENE ALLUVIUM OF THE VALLEY OF THE SOMME GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE VALLEY OF THE SOMME AND OF THE SURROUNDING COUNTRY—POSITION OF ALLUVIUM OF DIFFERENT AGES—PEAT NEAR ABBEVILLE—ITS ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE CONTENTS—WORKS OF ART IN PEAT—PROBABLE ANTIQUITY OF THE PEAT, AND CHANGES OF LEVEL SINCE ITS GROWTH BEGAN—FLINT IMPLEMENTS OF ANTIQUE TYPE IN OLDER ALLUVIUM—THEIR VARIOUS FORMS AND GREAT NUMBERS CHAPTER VIII POST-PLIOCENE ALLUVIUM WITH FLINT IMPLEMENTS OF THE VALLEY OF THE SOMME— CONCLUDED FLUVIO-MARINE STRATA, WITH FLINT IMPLEMENTS, NEAR ABBEVILLE— MARINE SHELLS IN SAME—CYRENA FLUMINALIS—MAMMALIA— ENTIRE SKELETON OF RHINOCEROS—FLINT IMPLEMENTS, WHY FOUND LOW DOWN IN FLUVIATILE DEPOSITS—RIVERA SHIFTING THEIR