HANDBOOK OF STRATA-BOUND AND STRATIFORM ORE DEPOSITS: AU, U, FE, MN, HG, SB, W, AND P DEPOSITS
CONTENTS 1 NATURE OF IRAN AND ITS CLIMATE 11 LOCATION, BOUNDARIES, AND SURFACE AREA 12 ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION 13 IRANIAN PLATEAU 131 TREND OF IRANIAN PLATEAU TRANSFORMATION 14 PHYSIOGRAPHY 141 PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISION 15 VEGETATION 151 CASPIAN FLORAL PROVINCE 152 ZAGROS FLORAL PROVINCE 153 IRAN’S CENTRAL PLATEAU FLORAL PROVINCE 154 SOUTHERN COASTAL PLAINS FLORAL PROVINCE 16 SUMMARIZED FACTS ABOUT VEGETATION COVER 17 WEATHER SYSTEMS 171 AIR PRESSURE AND WIND FLOW IN DIFFERENT SEASON 172 PRECIPITATION 173 AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL 174 CHARACTERISTICS OF RAINFALL IN IRANIAN PLATEAU 175 GENESIS OF DRY AND WET WEATHER CYCLES 18 AVES 19 MAMMALS 110 MOUNTAINS 1101 NORTHERN MOUNTAIN RANGES 1102 ZAGROS MOUNTAINS 1103 CENTRAL MOUNTAINS 1104 EASTERN MOUNTAINS 111 SEAS 1111 CASPIAN SEA 1112 PERSIAN GULF 1113 OMAN SEA (MAKRAN SEA) 112 LAKES 113 WATERSHEDS 114 RIVERS 1141 CASPIAN SEA CATEGORY 1142 PERSIAN GULF CATEGORY 115 DESERTS 2 A SUMMARY OF GEOLOGY OF IRAN 21 STRUCTURAL DIVISIONS OF IRAN 211 CENTRAL IRAN 212 SANANDAJ–SIRJAN 213 ZAGROS 214 ALBORZ 215 AZERBAIJAN 216 EASTERN IRAN 217 SOUTHEASTERN IRAN (MAKRAN) 218 KOPET DAGH 22 OPHIOLITE SERIES AND ULTRAMA?C ROCKS OF IRAN 23 BASEMENT ROCKS 24 SUMMARY OF STRATIGRAPHY OF IRAN 241 PRECAMBRIAN 242 PALEOZOIC 243 MESOZOIC IN IRAN 244 TERTIARY 25 STRATIGRAPHIC SUCCESSION IN VARIOUS STRUCTURAL DIVISIONS 26 OVERVIEW OF DISTRIBUTION AND NATURE OF MAGMATIC ROCKS IN IRAN 261 MAGMATIC ROCKS OF UPPER PRECAMBRIAN–LOWER CAMBRIAN 262 LOWER PALEOZOIC 263 UPPER PALEOZOIC 264 MESOZOIC 265 TERTIARY 27 STRUCTURAL AND OROGENIC EVENTS IN IRAN 271 PAN-AFRICAN 272 CALEDONIAN 273 HERCYNIAN 274 EARLY CIMMERIAN 275 MIDDLE CIMMERIAN 276 LATE CIMMERIAN 277 LARAMIDE 278 PYRENEAN 279 PASADENIAN 3 HISTORY OF MINING 31 INTRODUCTION 32 HISTORY OF MINING 321 HAKHAMANESHIAN PERIOD (550 BC–330 BC) 322 SELEUCID PERIOD (320 BC–63 BC) 323 ARSACID PERIOD (247 BC–228 AD) 324 SASSANID PERIOD (224 AD–670 AD) 325 ISLAMIC ERA (651 AD–1230 AD) 326 MUGHAL ERA (1230 AD–1357 AD) 327 SAFAVID PERIOD (1501 AD–1786 AD) 328 QAJAR PERIOD (1794 AD–1925 AD) 329 PAHLAVI PERIOD (1925 AD–1979 AD) 33 MINING TECHNIQUES IN ANCIENT IRAN 331 EXPLORATION 332 EXPLOITATION 333 PROCESSING AND METALLURGY 34 MINING PROVINCES IN ANCIENT IRAN 4 METALLOGENIC AND MINERALIZATION PHASES OF IRAN 41 INTRODUCTION 411 LATE PROTEROZOIC–EARLY CAMBRIAN 412 EARLY PALEOZOIC 413 LATE PALEOZOIC–TRIASSIC 414 JURASSIC–EARLY CRETACEOUS 415 LATE CRETACEOUS–PALEOGENE (LARAMIDE), CHROMITE 416 TERTIARY–QUATERNARY (MIDDLE–LATE ALPINE) 5 METALLOGENY AND DISTRIBUTION OF MINERALS 51 IRON 511 METALLOGENIC PHASES OF IRON 512 DISTRIBUTION OF IRON DEPOSITS 52 MANGANESE 521 MINERALIZATION PHASES OF MANGANESE 522 DISTRIBUTION OF MANGANESE DEPOSITS 53 CHROMITE 531 METALLOGENIC PHASES OF CHROMITE 532 DISTRIBUTION OF CHROMITE DEPOSITS 54 COPPER 541 INTRODUCTION 542 COPPER ALLOYS 543 COPPER METALLOGENY IN IRAN 544 PHASES OF COPPER MINERALIZATION 545 DISTRIBUTION OF COPPER DEPOSITS IN IRAN 55 LEAD AND ZINC 551 INTRODUCTION 552 METALLOGENIC PHASES OF LEAD AND ZINC 553 SPATIAL (GEOGRAPHICAL) DISTRIBUTION OF LEAD–ZINC DEPOSITS AND INDICATIONS 554 ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT LEAD–ZINC DEPOSITS 56 ALUMINUM 561 INTRODUCTION 562 TEMPORAL SETTINGS OF BAUXITE DEPOSITS 563 DISTRIBUTION OF BAUXITE DEPOSITS 57 GOLD 571 INTRODUCTION 572 GEOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION OF GOLD RESERVES 573 GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF GOLD DEPOSITS 58 ANTIMONY, ARSENIC, AND MERCURY 581 MINERALIZATION PHASES OF ANTIMONY, ARSENIC, AND MERCURY 582 DISTRIBUTION OF ANTIMONY, ARSENIC, AND MERCURY DEPOSITS 59 NICKEL AND COBALT 591 MINERALIZATION PHASES OF NICKEL AND COBALT 592 DISTRIBUTION OF NICKEL AND COBALT DEPOSITS IN IRAN 510 TITANIUM 5101 MINERALIZATION PHASES OF TITANIUM IN IRAN 5102 DISTRIBUTION OF TITANIUM DEPOSITS IN IRAN 511 TUNGSTEN 5111 MINERALIZATION PHASES OF TUNGSTEN 5112 DISTRIBUTION OF TUNGSTEN DEPOSITS IN IRAN 512 URANIUM 5121 MINERALIZATION PHASES OF URANIUM IN IRAN 5122 DISTRIBUTION OF URANIUM DEPOSITS IN IRAN 513 PHOSPHATE 5131 INTRODUCTION 5132 MINERALIZATION PHASES OF PHOSPHATE RESOURCES IN IRAN 5133 DISTRIBUTION OF PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS IN IRAN 514 TALC 5141 MINERALIZATION PHASES OF TALC IN IRAN 5142 DISTRIBUTION OF TALC DEPOSITS IN IRAN 515 MICA 5151 MINERALIZATION PHASES OF MICA IN IRAN 5152 DISTRIBUTION OF MICA DEPOSITS IN IRAN 516 BORON AND BORAX 5161 MINERALIZATION PHASES OF BORAX IN IRAN 5162 DISTRIBUTION OF BORAX DEPOSITS IN IRAN 517 MAGNESITE 5171 MINERALIZATION PHASES OF MAGNESITE 5172 DISTRIBUTION OF MAGNESITE DEPOSITS 518 CELESTINE (STRONTIUM SULFATE) 5181 MINERALIZATION PHASES OF CELESTINE DEPOSITS IN IRAN 5182 DISTRIBUTION OF CELESTINE DEPOSITS IN IRAN 519 BARITE 5191 MINERALIZATION PHASES OF BARITE DEPOSITS IN IRAN 5192 DISTRIBUTION OF BARITE DEPOSITS IN IRAN 520 FELDSPAR MINERALIZATION 5201 MINERALIZATION PHASES OF FELDSPAR DEPOSITS 5202 DISTRIBUTION OF FELDSPAR DEPOSITS OF IRAN 521 ROCK SALT 5211 MINERALIZATION PHASES OF ROCK SALT DEPOSITS IN IRAN 5212 DISTRIBUTION OF ROCK SALT DEPOSITS IN IRAN 522 POTASH MINERALIZATION IN IRAN 5221 MINERALIZATION PHASES OF POTASH DEPOSITS IN IRAN 5222 DISTRIBUTION OF POTASH DEPOSITS IN IRAN 523 SILICA MINERALIZATION IN IRAN 5231 MINERALIZATION PHASES OF SILICA DEPOSITS IN IRAN 5232 DISTRIBUTION OF SILICA DEPOSITS IN IRAN 524 KAOLIN AND FIRECLAY 5241 MINERALIZATION PHASES OF KAOLIN AND FIRECLAY DEPOSITS IN IRAN 5242 DISTRIBUTION OF KAOLIN AND FIRECLAY DEPOSITS IN IRAN 525 BENTONITE 5251 INTRODUCTION 5252 DISTRIBUTION OF BENTONITE DEPOSITS IN IRAN 5253 SPECI?CATIONS OF BENTONITE DEPOSITS IN IRAN AND THEIR GENESIS 5254 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BENTONITE DEPOSITS IN IRAN 5255 AGE OF BENTONITE DEPOSITS IN IRAN 5256 ENVIRONMENT OF BENTONITE DEPOSITION 5257 ORIGIN AND GENESIS OF BENTONITE DEPOSITS IN IRAN 5258 FORMATION OF BENTONITE DEPOSITS 526 DIATOMITE 5261 DISTRIBUTION OF DIATOMITE DEPOSITS 527 PERLITE 5271 MINERALIZATION PHASES OF PERLITE DEPOSITS IN IRAN 5272 DISTRIBUTION OF PERLITE DEPOSITS IN IRAN 528 DOLOMITE 5281 MINERALIZATION PHASES OF DOLOMITE DEPOSITS IN IRAN 5282 DISTRIBUTION OF DOLOMITE DEPOSITS IN IRAN 529 TAR AND NATURAL ASPHALT 5291 ORIGIN OF TAR AND NATURAL ASPHALT 5292 DISTRIBUTION OF TAR AND NATURAL ASPHALT DEPOSITS IN IRAN 530 DIMENSION AND ORNAMENTAL (DECORATIVE) STONES 5301 STANDARDS OF DIMENSION STONES 5302 DISTRIBUTION OF DIMENSION STONES 531 RARE EARTH ELEMENTS (REES) RESOURCES IN IRAN 6 METALLOGENIC AND MINING PROVINCES, BELTS AND ZONES OF IRAN 61 INTRODUCTION 62 CATEGORIZATION OF METALLOGENIC AND MINING AREAS IN IRAN 63 METALLOGENIC PROVINCES OF IRAN 631 CENTRAL IRAN METALLOGENIC PROVINCE 632 URUMIYEH–DOKHTAR METALLOGENIC PROVINCE 633 SANANDAJ–SIRJAN METALLOGENIC PROVINCE 634 NORTHEAST METALLOGENIC PROVINCE (TAKNAR AND KAVIR–SABZEVAR METALLOGENIC BELTS) 635 ALBORZ METALLOGENIC PROVINCE 636 SOUTHEAST AND EAST OF IRAN METALLOGENIC PROVINCE (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE 1999) 637 ZAGROS OIL AND GAS PROVINCE (MOTIEI 1993) 638 KOPET–DAGH NATURAL GAS PROVINCE 7 THE POSITION OF IRANIAN MINING INDUSTRY IN THE WORLD 71 INTRODUCTION 72 BRIEF HISTORY 73 MINING ACTIVITIES IN IRAN 74 SHARE OF MINING SECTOR IN IRANIAN ECONOMY 75 MINERAL RESOURCES OF IRAN 751 IRON 752 MANGANESE 753 CHROMIUM (CHROMITE) 754 MOLYBDENUM 755 COPPER 756 LEAD–ZINC 757 ALUMINUM (BAUXITE) 758 ARSENIC 759 ANTIMONY 7510 RHENIUM 7511 GOLD 7512 PHOSPHATE 7513 FLUORITE 7514 ROCK SALT 7515 BORON (BORAX) 7516 BENTONITE 7517 VERMICULITE 7518 MICA 7519 STRONTIUM 7520 BARITE 7521 DIATOMITE 7522 FELDSPARS 7523 PERLITE 7524 DIMENSION STONES 7525 MAGNESITE 7526 FOSSIL FUELS (PETROLEUM, NATURAL GAS, AND COAL) 7527 WATER RESOURCES (BUDGET) 8 ENERGY RESOURCES, PRODUCTION, AND CONSUMPTION IN IRAN COMPARED WITH THE WORLD 81 TYPES OF ENERGY RESOURCES 82 NONRENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES 821 CRUDE OIL 822 GAS 823 GAS CONDENSATES 824 TAR SANDS 825 KEROGENS 826 OTHER NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES 83 FOSSIL FUEL RESERVES OF IRAN 831 CRUDE OIL 832 GAS CONDENSATES 833 GAS 834 COAL 84 FOSSILIZED FUEL PRODUCTION OF IRAN AND THE WORLD 841 CRUDE OIL 842 GAS 843 COAL 85 FOSSILIZED FUEL CONSUMPTION IN IRAN AND THE WORLD 851 CONSUMPTION PATTERN 86 GLOBAL STATUS OF IRAN IN TERMS OF ENERGY RESOURCES 87 NUCLEAR ENERGY IN IRAN AND THE WORLD 88 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES OF IRAN 881 HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY 882 SOLAR ENERGY 883 WIND ENERGY 884 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY 885 TIDAL ENERGY 9 LIST OF MINERAL DEPOSITS AND INDICATIONS OF IRAN 91 INTRODUCTION REFERENCES