VOLCANISM IN THE CAMPANIAN PLAIN: VESUVIUS, CAMPI FLEGREI, IGNIMBRITES
1 Introduction 1 11 Naples and Volcanology 12 2 Volcanic Activity and Processes 29 21 Geological Processes and the Landscape: The Campania Plain and Its Surroundings 29 22 The Gulf of Naples: Submarine Morphology 42 23 The Somma Vesuvius Volcanic Complex 44 24 The Campi Flegrei Caldera 50 25 The Volcanic Island of Ischia 57 26 The Urban Area of Naples: The City Between Two Volcanoes 59 27 The Most Dangerous Phenomena of Volcanic Eruptions 63 28 The Largest Eruptions of the Neapolitan Volcanoes 70 281 The Mt Epomeo Green Tuff Eruption, Ischia Island 71 282 The Campi Flgerei Caldera-Forming Eruptions 73 283 The Bronze Age and the 79 AD Vesuvius Eruptions 80 29 The Most Recent Eruptions of Neapolitan Volcanoes 88 291 The Arso Event on Ischia Island 88 292 A Major Ground Uplift but a Small Eruption: The 1538 Event at Campi Flegrei Caldera 90 293 Vesuvius During the Second World War: The 1944 Eruption 96 210 The Heat of Volcanoes and Hydrothermal Activity 102 References 108 3 Volcanoes and Human Settlements 115 31 The Colonisation of Campania 116 32 Pompeii, Herculaneum and the History of the Excavations 127 321 Herculaneum 141 33 Volcanoes and Harbours 143 331 Portus Julius in the Campi Flegrei 143 332 The Bourbon Kingdom and the Public Works: The Example of Ischia Harbour 148 34 The Eruption of Vesuvius in 1631: Naples and Its Punishments 154 35 The Centuries of Splendour: Travelling Around Volcanoes 161 36 The Birth of the Vesuvius Observatory 164 37 The Transformation of the Territory: From Thermalism to Industrial Development, the Example of the Campi Flegrei 168 38 The Economic Boom and the Increasing of Population Around Volcanoes 173 References 176 4 Volcanoes and Risk 179 41 The First Civil Protection Mission in History 180 42 The Volcanic Risk in the Neapolitan Area 181 43 Volcanic Earthquakes and Risk 197 431 The Case of the Island of Ischia 200 44 Facing Volcanic Risk 209 441 1970–1984, Pozzuoli and the Bradyseism 209 45 The Bradyseism of Pozzuoli and Its Causes: An Ongoing Problem 220 46 The Deep Magmatic Sources Beneath Neapolitan Volcanoes 224 47 The Complexity of Forecasting the Next Eruption 230 471 Complexity 230 472 How: The Most Probably Eruptive Scenario 233 48 The Recent State of Neapolitan Volcanoes 238 481 Vesuvius 238 482 Campi Flegrei 247 483 The Island of Ischia 251 49 Extreme Events 255 410 Scientists, Risk and Communication: The Experience of the “Campi Flegrei Deep Drilling Project” 259 411 Final Remarks 268 References 270