INTRODUCTORY DYNAMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

By N. MIUND

1 The Balte Seu History and geography 21 22 23 The Baltic Sea Introduction 11 -- 10 14 16 16 24 From World War I to 1950 Period of rapid development from the 1950s to 1980s General regional climate Solar and terrestrial radiation Air temperature Precipitation and humidity Wiind condi tions Evolution of the Baltic Sea during the Holocene The present Baltic Sea Research history 231 Birth of Baltic Sea research 232 213 234 Modern research from 1990 to the present Weather and climate in the Baltic Sea region 241 242 243 244 245 3 Tepography and hydrography of the Baltie Sea 31 Topography 32 321 377 323 33 61 34 Watermasses, stratification, halocline, and thermocline Interaction hetween the Baltic Sen and the North Sea Vertical structure of the Baltic Sen water hody Salinity and temperature in different hasins Temperature Salinity Ice conditions 42 46 49 51 52 53 56 56 58 58 60 60 64 84 85 45 411 412 413 414 42 43 44 45 311 312 313 314 315 316 Brackish water Equation of state Adiahatic changes and stahility Properties of hrackish water Baltic Sea watermasses 33 332 333 334 Long-term variations 341 342 343 4 Water, salt, and heat budgets 41 Water hudget Physical prohlem Precipitation and evaporation Draiinage hasin and river inflow Freshwater budget 415 Water exchange through the Danish Straits Salt budget 421 422 423 Heat budget 431 432 433 434 435 436 Surface layer models 441 442 443 444 Self similarity approach Box models 451 General The Kattegat and the southwestern Baltic The Gotland Sea The Gulf of Riga The Gulf of Finland The Gulf of Bothnia Salt exchange through the Danish Straits Sea ice growth and melting Analytic models for salini ty Heat transport in the water hody Solar radiation Terrestrial radiation Turbulent heat exchange Heat input from precipitation Annual course Analytic models of temperature Mixed layer models Turbulence models Basin systems 89 89 90 94 96 98 101 101 103 104 105 105 109 113 113 116 116 118 120