ROCK AND SOIL RHEOLOGY
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 CHEMISTRY OF PEAT 12 POLLEN PREPARATIONS 36 PREPARATION OF FOSSIL POLLEN BEARING MATERIAL 45 POLLEN AND SPORE MORPHOLOGY 63 POLLEN MORPHOLOGY MONOCOTYLEDONS 80 POLLEN MORPHOLOGY DICOTYLEDONS 96 POLLEN MORPHOLOGY DICOTYLEDONS 145 POLLEN MORPHOLOGY GYMNOSPERMS 197 SPORE MORPHOLOGY PTERIDOPHYTES 225 POLLEN ANALYSES AND THE GRAPHIC PRESENTATION OF THEIR RESULTS 231 CORRELATIONS 260 OUTPUT AND DISSEMINATION OF POLLEN 267 SURFACE SAMPLES 281 POLLEN FLORA OF PEAT SAMPLES 296 GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY POLLEN STATISTICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES 308 TERTIARY DEPOSITS 329 POLLEN ANALYSIS OF HONEY AND DRUGS 348 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION IT HAS BEEN CLAIMED THAT SKILFUL HUNTERS OF OLD COULD BRING THEIR PREY DOWN EVEN IF THEY CAUGHT ONLY A FLEETING GLIMPSE OF ITS SHADOW BUT STILL MORE REMARKABLE APPEAR THE PERFORMANCES ACCOMPLISHED TO DAY BY THE POLLEN ANALYST OUT OF POLLEN FROM CRUMBLED CLAY OR MINUTE PIECES OF PEAT TAKEN FROM BITS OF EARTHENWARE OR A STONE AXE MAY BE CONSTRUCTED A PICTURE OF THE PRIMEVAL FORESTS WHICH FLOURISHED IN THE REGION AT THE TIME WHEN THE POT OR AXE DROPPED INTO THE BOG THIS IS HOWEVER NOT THE WHOLE STORY IN A CAREFULLY INVESTIGATED REGION IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE TO DETERMINE THE RELATIVE IN CERTAIN PLACES EVEN THE ABSOLUTE AGE OF A POLLEN BEARING SAMPLE AND TO ASCERTAIN ITS PLACE IN A SYSTEM OF CURVES ILLUSTRATING CHANGES IN VEGETATION AND CLIMATE DURING AGES LONG PAST POLLEN ANALYSIS IS A YOUNG SCIENCE AT THE SIXTEENTH MEETING OF SCANDINAVIAN NATURALISTS IN OSLO IN 1916 IT RECEIVED ITS BIRTH CERTIFICATE BY LENNART VON POST WHO AT THAT OCCASION READ A PAPER ON THE POLLEN OF FOREST TREES IN BOGS OF SOUTHERN SWEDEN THE SCIENCE OF POLLEN ANALYSIS BECAME OF AGE ONLY A FEW YEARS AGO HAVING ALREADY MADE A BRILLIANT RECORD IN ITS CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH THIS IS AMPLY ATTESTED BY APPROXIMATELY 1500 PUBLICATIONS WHICH HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED ON THE SUBJECT TO DATE POLLEN ANALYSIS IS ESSENTIALLY FOUNDED ON THE FOLLOWING FACTS AT THE TIME OF FLOWERING MANY TREES SHED GREAT QUANTITIES OF POLLEN A SINGLE BIRCH CATKIN MAY PRODUCE IN EXCESS OF TEN MILLION POLLEN GRAINS IN GENERAL POLLEN GRAINS ARE VERY SMALL AS A RULE AVERAGING BETWEEN ONE HUNDREDTH AND ONE TENTH OF A MILLIMETER IN DIAMETER EASILY CARRIED BY THE WIND SOME OF THEM ARE TRANSFERRED INTO HIGHER REGIONS BY VERTICAL AIR CURRENTS AND REMAIN THERE FOR DAYS WEEKS OR EVEN MONTHS BEFORE THEY SETTLE BACK TO EARTH IN THE MEANTIME THIS PLANKTON OF THE AIR MAY HAVE MOVED OVER GREAT DISTANCES GREENLAND PESTS CONTAIN POLLEN GRAINS OF PINE AND SPRUCE THAT MUST HAVE BEEN CARRIED AT LEAST ZOO KILOMETERS THE DISTANCE OF THE NEAREST CONIFEROUS FOREST IN LABRADOR CHARLES LINDBERGH TRAPPED POLLEN GRAINS AND SPORES BY MEANS OF SKY HOOKS DURING A FLIGHT OVER GREENLAND IN 1937 THE AUTHOR