DYNAMICAL PALEOCLIMATOLOGY: GENERALIZED THEORY OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

By D. GAZIL

CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION THE LOCAL/GLOBAL NATURE OF WILDLIFE GOVERNANCE CHAPTER OVERVIEW 2 CONTEMPORARY EVOLUTIONS IN GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE POWER’S POLYMORPHOUS CHARACTER COMMUNITY-BASED NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT GAPS AND DISPUTES 3 ASSEMBLING EVOLUTIONS IN GOVERNANCE ASSEMBLAGE THINKING AS A MEANS OF ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY ASSEMBLING METHODS OF OBSERVATION 4 THE LOCAL GENESIS OF GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE IN NAMIBIA FROM COLONIAL OCCUPATION TO APARTHEID RULE NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR LOCAL AND GLOBAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ASSEMBLING LEGISLATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ASSEMBLING CONSERVANCIES ASSEMBLED GOVERNANCE AND CHARGES OF CORRUPTION TOWARDS AN EMPOWERED COMMUNITY? CONCLUSIONS 5 CLIMATE CHANGE: LOCAL CHALLENGES, GLOBAL OPPORTUNITIES? A CHANGING CLIMATE IN A FRAGILE ENVIRONMENT LOCAL CHALLENGES FOR CONSERVANCIES EVOLVING GOVERNANCE ASSEMBLAGES NOVEL OUTLOOKS AND OPPORTUNITIES 6 ASSEMBLED GOVERNANCE FROM THE LOCAL TO THE GLOBAL COMMUNITY SHIFTING FADS, FASHIONS, FUNDING, AND FUTURES 7 DEVELOPMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE, AND GLOBAL ASSEMBLAGES ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AS GLOBAL ASSEMBLAGE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY-BASED NATURAL RESOURCE GOVERNANCE? CHAPTER HAVING LIVED IN THE HARSH, DRY CONDITIONS OF THE ERONGO REGION OF NAMIBIA FOR GENERATIONS, ERIC XANEB AND HIS FAMILY HAVE ALWAYS BEEN FARMERS “WE ARE FARMERS,” HE SAYS, “TRADITIONAL FARMERS, HISTORICALLY FARMERS, WE ARE FARMERS ”2 FOR ERIC AND OTHER SUBSISTENCE FARMERS IN THE AREA, LIFE HAS ALWAYS BEEN CHALLENGING; THE SOILS OF THE ERONGO REGION ARE NOT KNOWN FOR THEIR PRODUCTIVITY, AND NAMIBIA IS THE DRIEST COUNTRY IN SUB- SAHARAN AFRICA 3 WHILE THESE ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES HAVE EXISTED FOR GENERA- TIONS, THE INDEPENDENCE OF NAMIBIA IN 1990 BROUGHT RENEWED HOPE PAR- TICULARLY FOR THE BLACK COMMUNITIES OF THE ERONGO REGION FREED FROM THE SHACKLES OF APARTHEID RULE, THERE WAS OPTIMISM THAT LAND WOULD BE MORE FAIRLY DISTRIBUTED, AND ALL NAMIBIANS WOULD BE ABLE TO PROSPER FROM IT AND ITS NATURAL RESOURCES IN 1996, THE NATURE CONSERVATION AMENDMENT ACT 1 INTERVIEW, MAXI PIA LOUIS, DIRECTOR, NAMIBIA ASSOCIATION OF CBNRM SUPPORT ORGANIZATIONS, JANUARY 14, 2020 2 INTERVIEW, ERIC XANEB, CHAIRMAN, TSISEB CONSERVANCY, JANUARY 27, 2020 3 JARKKO SAARINEN, POLITICAL ECOLOGIES AND ECONOMIES OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN KAOKOLAND, NORTH-WEST NAMIBIA, POLITICAL ECOLOGY OF TOURISM (ROUTLEDGE, 2016) FOR ERIC AND OTHER FARMERS ACROSS THE COUNTRY, DESPITE SOUNDING ATTRAC- TIVE IN THEORY, CBNRM ALSO PRESENTED A NUMBER OF CONCERNS THE PRO- GRAMME ESTABLISHES CONSERVANCIES WHICH PROTECT WILDLIFE POPULATIONS AND THEIR HABITAT TO INCREASE NUMBERS, IN ORDER TO ENCOURAGE WEALTHY FOREIGN TOURISTS TO TRAVEL TO NAMIBIA IN HOPES OF EXPERIENCING AFRICA’S CHARISMATIC MEGAFAUNA AND BREATHTAKING LANDSCAPES HOWEVER, THIS SHIFT IN LAND USE ALSO MEANS THAT ANY GROWTH IN CBNRM RESULTS IN LESS NEW ACREAGE AVAIL- ABLE FOR FARMING, AND INCREASED WILDLIFE NUMBERS MEANS GREATER THREAT TO CROPS, LIVESTOCK, AND IMPORTANT WATER INFRASTRUCTURE WHILE MANY NAMIBIANS CAME TO SEE THE POTENTIAL FOR CBNRM, AND THE PROGRAMME WAS WIDELY ADOPTED—TO THE POINT THAT NAMIBIA CAME TO BE SEEN AS A WORLD LEADER IN CBNRM7—ERIC AND MANY OF HIS NEIGHBOURS COULD NOT IGNORE 4 JULIE RICHARDSON, “WILDLIFE UTILIZATION AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN NAMIBIA: CON?ICTING OR COMPLEMENTARY OBJECTIVES?,” BIODIVERSITY & CONSERVATION 7, NO (1998): 549–59 5 LARRY A SWATUK, “FROM ‘PROJECT’ TO ‘CONTEXT’: COMMUNITY BASED NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN BOTSWANA,” GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS, GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS, 5, NO 3 (2005): 95 6 FIKRET BERKES, GARY P KO?NAS, AND F STUART CHAPIN, “CONSERVATION, COMMUNITY, AND LIVELIHOODS: SUSTAINING, RENEWING, AND ADAPTING CULTURAL CONNECTIONS TO THE LAND,” IN PRINCIPLES OF ECOSYSTEM STEWARDSHIP: RESILIENCE-BASED NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN A CHANGING WORLD, ED CARL FOLKE, GARY P KO?NAS, AND F STUART CHAPIN (NEW YORK, NY: SPRINGER NEW YORK, 2009), 129–47 7 DILYS ROE, FRED NELSON, AND CHRIS SANDBROOK, COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES IN AFRICA: IMPACTS, EXPERIENCES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS (LONDON, UK: INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT, 2009) DYNAMICAL PALEOCLIMATOLOGY: GENERALIZED THEORY OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE