INDIAN OCEAN RESOURCES AND TECHNOLOGY
CONTENTS 1 THE INDIAN OCEAN AND ITS ASSOCIATES UNIQUENESS OF INDIAN OCEAN THE INDIAN OCEAN AND SUBSEAS OFFSHORE BED ROCK MINERAL DEPOSITS GEOLOGICAL REGIME AND STRUCTURE AND RELIEF OF THE INDIAN OCEAN SEDIMENT PATTERN EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE SHALLOW OCEANIC MINERAL DEPOSITS DEEP OCEANIC MINERAL DEPOSITS REFERENCES 2 ORES IN THE DEEP SEA: MANGANESE NODULES GENERAL WHAT ARE MN-NODULES? DISTRIBUTION OF MANGANESE NODULES DEEP-SEA MINERAL RESOURCES GROWTH PATTERN, MINERALOGY, AND GEOCHEMISTRY GENESIS OF MANGANESE NODULES AND MANGANESE CRUSTS MINING CLAIMS AND EXPLORATION INDIAN OCEAN NODULES 3 ORES IN THE DEEP SEA: COBALT- AND PLATINUM-RICH FERROMANGANESE CRUSTS THE COBALT-RICH CRUSTS MINERALOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY PROCESSES OF ACCRETION AND FORMATION CRUST TEXTURE: THICKNESS, RATES OF GROWTH, AND SUBSTRATE CHARACTERISTICS INDIAN OCEAN OCCURRENCES 4 ORES IN THE DEEP SEA: SEAFLOOR MASSIVE SULFIDES AND METALLIFEROUS MUD INTRODUCTION NATURE, DISTRIBUTION, AND ORIGIN OF SMS DEPOSITS AND METALLIFEROUS MUD THE RED SEA SEAFLOOR SULFIDES IN THE INDIAN OCEAN VOLCANOGENIC MASSIVE SULFIDES (SMS)/SMS DEPOSITS ON THE MID-INDIAN OCEAN RIDGE SMS DEPOSITS ON THE MID-INDIAN OCEAN RIDGE HYDROTHERMAL MINERALIZATION IN THE ANDAMAN SEA THE GEOLOGY AND TECTONICS OF THE ANDAMAN SEA THE NATURE OF THE SEDIMENTS SEAFLOOR SPREADING AND IMPLICATION FOR VOLCANOGENIC MASSIVE SULFIDES (SMS) INDUSTRIAL INTEREST IN SMS THE SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE OF SMS RESEARCH FUTURE TREND 5 SHALLOW OCEANIC AND COASTAL MINERAL DEPOSITS PHOSPHORITE CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL HEAVY MINERAL PLACERS DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY MINERAL SAND ALONG THE INDIAN COAST WEST COAST OF INDIA EAST COAST OF INDIA ECONOMIC CONSIDERATION AND APPLICATION OF RARE EARTHS IN HIGH TECHNOLOGY FACTORS CONTROLLING FORMATION OF BEACH PLACERS EXPLORATION AND EVALUATION OF HEAVY MINERAL PLACER DEPOSITS RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY SCOUT DRILLING CLOSE-SPACE DRILLING: DETAILED INVESTIGATIONS COMPUTATION OF MINERAL RESERVES SAMPLING AND DRILLING EQUIPMENTS IMPORTANT COASTAL PLACER DEPOSITS OF INDIA RATNAGIRI DEPOSITS, MAHARASHTRA NEENDAKARA–KAYAMKULAM DEPOSIT, KERALA MANAVALAKURICHI DEPOSIT, KANYAKUMARI DISTRICT, TAMIL NADU BHIMUNIPATNAM DEPOSIT, VISHAKAPATNAM AND VIZIANAGARAM DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH CHHATRAPUR DEPOSIT, GANJAM DISTRICT, ODISHA HEAVY MINERAL PLACER OF THE EAST AFRICAN COAST 5 10 TIN PLACERS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA 5 11 RESOURCE POSITION 6 SHALLOW OCEANIC NONLIVING RESOURCE: PETROLEUM AND HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL HYDROCARBON BASINS IN THE WEST COAST OF INDIA: ARABIAN SEA HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL ALONG THE EASTERN OFFSHORE IN THE BAY OF BENGAL HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL IN THE ANDAMAN SEA GAS HYDRATES RESOURCES IN THE BAY OF BENGAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ANDAMAN SEA HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL IN THE EAST AFRICAN COAST SEDIMENTARY BASINS IN SOMALIA AND THEIR HYDROCARBON RESOURCE POTENTIAL HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL IN WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN MOZAMBIQUE TANZANIA/KENYA PERSIAN GULF 7 LIVING RESOURCES: FISH AND FISHERY BIOMASS FOR FISHERY TUNA FISHING IN THE INDIAN OCEAN FISH CATCH STATUS TUNA PRODUCTION AND FISHERY TYPE PURSE-SEINE FISHERY LONGLINE FISHERY POLE AND LINE FISHERY GILLNET FISHERY TROLL LINE AND HANDLINE FISHERIES TUNA FISH IN THE INDIAN OCEAN SOME CHALLENGES OF FISHING IN THE INDIAN OCEAN FISHING IN THE SOUTHERN INDIAN OCEAN FISHERY IN THE MANGROVES OF INDIAN OCEAN FISHING IN THE INDIAN EEZ FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AND BEST PRACTICES IN THE INDIAN OCEAN 8 ENERGY AND FRESH WATER FROM THE OCEAN OCEAN ENERGY AND TYPES THE MONSOON PATTERN AND THERMAL STRUCTURE OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION OCEAN WAVE ENERGY TIDAL ENERGY TIDAL ENERGY SITE SELECTION AND FABRICATION OF PLANT SWEET WATER FROM THE SEA: LOW-TEMPERATURE THERMAL DESALINATION APPLICATIONS FOR DRINKING WATER WATER REQUIREMENT OF COASTAL POWER PLANT SELF-POWERED DESALINATION PLANT AT ISLANDS BENEFIT TO THE PEOPLE OF LAKSHADWEEP 9 REMOTELY OPERATED VEHICLE AND AUTONOMOUS UNDERWATER VEHICLES DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE TASKS AND APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENTAL TRENDS IN ROV AND AUV TECHNOLOGY TRENDS IN ROV AND AUV SYSTEMS AUTONOMOUS UNDERWATER VEHICLES SUPPORT VESSELS LAUNCHING GEAR NONHYDROCARBON-RELATED ROV AND AUV: USES AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER MINE COUNTERMEASURES FUTURE TRENDS CABLE LAYING DEEP-SEA MINING OPERATIONS FISHERIES ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING OTHER USES OF ROVS AND AUVS 10 SEABED MINERAL EXPLORATION AND DEEP-SEA MINING TECHNOLOGY 10 1 GENERAL 10 2 EXPLORATION METHODS FOR MANGANESE NODULES 10 3 EXPLORATION FOR MASSIVE SULFIDES ON THE MIDOCEANIC RIDGES 10 3 1 THE EAST PACIFIC RISE AND OTHER PROMISING AREAS 10 4 EXTENT AND GRADE OF SMS DEPOSITS 10 5 TECHNOLOGY NEEDS FOR EXPLORATION AND MINING 10 5 1 CONTINUOUS LINE BUCKET 10 5 2 HYDRAULIC/AIRLIFT METHODS 10 5 3 CHANTIER SOUS-MARIN (CSM) 10 5 4 OTHER OPTIONS 10 6 MINERAL PROCESSING AND REFINING 10 7 OTHER FACTORS 10 7 1 MINING WITHIN NATIONAL JURISDICTION 10 7 2 MINING IN INTERNATIONAL WATERS USEFUL WEBSITES 11 OCEAN ENVIRONMENT AND POLLUTION 11 1 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 11 2 ENVIRONMENT AND TECTONICS AND EUSTATIC SEA-LEVEL CHANGES 11 3 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS DUE TO MINING 11 3 1 POTENTIAL EFFECT OF NODULE MINING 11 3 2 POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF COBALT-RICH CRUST MINING 11 3 3 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT OF METALLIFEROUS MUDS OF SEDIMENTS: A CASE STUDY OF RED SEA 11 3 4 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENT IMPACT RELATED TO SEAFLOOR MASSIVE SULFIDE MINING 11 4 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENT IMPACT RELATED TO PHOSPHORITE MINING 11 5 WASTES IN THE DEEP SEA 11 6 INDIAN OCEAN AND CLIMATE CHANGE 12 THE FUTURE OPTIONS: THE GROWING OCEAN ECONOMY 12 1 GENERAL 12 2 EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE IN THE INDIAN OCEAN 12 3 IMPLICATIONS OF EEZ IN THE INDIAN OCEAN 12 4 ECONOMICS OF DEEP SEA MINING 12 5 ESTIMATES OF DEMAND 12 5 1 ZINC 12 5 2 COPPER 12 5 3 SILVER 12 5 4 COBALT 12 5 5 NICKEL 12 5 6 MANGANESE 12 6 FUTURE DEMAND AND OCEAN ECONOMY OF DEEP-SEA MINING 12 6 1 ECONOMIC IMPACT OF DEEP-SEA MINING 12 6 2 POSSIBLE MINING TECHNOLOGY 12 6 3 FACTORS INFLUENCING MINING 12 6 3 1 MINING WITHIN NATIONAL JURISDICTION 12 6 3 2 MINING IN INTERNATIONAL WATERS 12 7 RESEARCH SHIPS AND SHIP BUILDING IN INDIA 12 8 TECHNO-BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY IN THE INDIAN OCEAN 12 8 1 SHORT-TERM OPPORTUNITY 12 8 2 LONG-TERM OPPORTUNITY