REMOTE SENSING OF SNOW AND ICE
THE CRYOSPHERE INTRODUCTION SNOW COVER ICE SHEETS AND GLACIERS ICEBERGS SEA ICE FRESHWATER ICE PERMAFROST CHAPTER REMOTE SENSING SYSTEMS FOR OBSERVATION OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM LENS OPTICS GEOMETRIES OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY MAPPING, RELIEF, AND STEREO- AND ORTHOPHOTOS EXAMPLES SUMMARY ELECTRO-OPTICAL SYSTEMS IN THE VISIBLE AND NEAR-INFRARED REGION SCANNING GEOMETRIES SPATIAL RESOLUTION SPECTRAL RESOLUTION GEOMETRY OF VIR IMAGERS THERMAL INFRARED SYSTEMS RADIOMETRIC RESOLUTION ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION PASSIVE MICROWAVE SYSTEMS SPATIAL RESOLUTION AND SWATH WIDTH SPECTRAL RESOLUTION AND FREQUENCY COVERAGE LASER PROFILING RADAR ALTIMETRY INFORMATION IN THE WAVEFORM RESPONSE TO SLOPES RESPONSE TO ABRUPT CHANGES IN HEIGHT RADIO ECHO-SOUNDING IMAGING RADAR AND SCATTEROMETRY IMAGING GEOMETRY AND SPATIAL RESOLUTION DISTORTIONS IN RADAR IMAGERY SAR INTERFEROMETRY IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES PREPROCESSING IMAGE ENHANCEMENT CONTRAST MODIFICATION SPATIAL FILTERING BAND TRANSFORMATIONS IMAGE CLASSIFICATION DENSITY-SLICING MULTISPECTRAL CLASSIFICATION TEXTURE CLASSIFICATION NEURAL NETWORKS DETECTION OF GEOMETRIC FEATURES IMAGE SEGMENTATION CHANGE DETECTION PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SNOW AND ICE SNOW PHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION SURFACE GEOMETRY THERMAL PROPERTIES OF SNOW ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF SNOW IN THE OPTICAL AND NEAR-INFRARED REGIONS ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF SNOW IN THE THERMAL INFRARED REGION ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF SNOW IN THE MICROWAVE REGION MICROWAVE BACKSCATTERING FROM SNOW MICROWAVE EMISSION FROM SNOW LAKE AND RIVER ICE ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF FRESHWATER ICE IN THE OPTICAL AND NEAR-INFRARED REGIONS THERMAL INFRARED EMISSIVITY OF FRESHWATER ICE ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF FRESHWATER ICE IN THE MICROWAVE REGION ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF SEA ICE IN THE OPTICAL AND NEAR-INFRARED REGIONS THERMAL INFRARED EMISSIVITY OF SEA ICE ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF SEA ICE IN THE MICROWAVE REGION GLACIERS ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF GLACIERS IN THE OPTICAL AND NEAR-INFRARED REGIONS THERMAL INFRARED EMISSIVITY OF GLACIERS MICROWAVE PROPERTIES OF GLACIERS TRANSMISSION OF VHF AND UHF RADIATION THROUGH GLACIERS ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF ICEBERGS IN THE OPTICAL AND INFRARED REGIONS ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF ICEBERGS IN THE MICROWAVE REGION REMOTE SENSING OF SNOW COVER SPATIAL EXTENT SMALL SCALE 5 2 1 1 VIR IMAGERY 5 2 1 2 SAR IMAGERY INTERMEDIATE SCALE GLOBAL SCALE SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT AND SNOW DEPTH SMALL AND INTERMEDIATE SCALES SNOW MELT AND RUNOFF MODELING PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SNOW PACK REFLECTANCE AND ALBEDO GRAIN SIZE TEMPERATURE RADAR PROPERTIES REMOTE SENSING OF SEA ICE ICE EXTENT AND CONCENTRATION ICE TYPE MELT PONDS AND SURFACE ALBEDO ICE THICKNESS ICE DYNAMICS ICE TEMPERATURE REMOTE SENSING OF FRESHWATER ICE EXTENT CLASSIFICATION OF ICE TYPE ICE MOTION REMOTE SENSING OF GLACIERS, ICE SHEETS, AND ICE SHELVES SPATIAL EXTENT AND SURFACE FEATURES SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY ICE THICKNESS AND BEDROCK TOPOGRAPHY SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND SURFACE MELTING ACCUMULATION RATE SURFACE FACIES MASS BALANCE REMOTE SENSING OF ICEBERGS DETECTION AND MONITORING OF ICEBERGS VISIBLE AND NEAR-INFRARED OBSERVATIONS PASSIVE MICROWAVE RADIOMETRY SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR ICEBERG THICKNESS CONCLUSIONS WHAT HAS REMOTE SENSING REVEALED ABOUT THE CRYOSPHERE? WHAT ARE THE REMAINING TECHNICAL CHALLENGES? GENERAL DIFFICULTIES SPECIFIC DIFFICULTIES RECENT TRENDS AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT BIBLIOGRAPHY