WADI HYDROLOGY

By DANIEL THOMAS

CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION GENERAL OVERVIEW ARID REGION CLASSIFICATION DESERTIFICATION DROUGHTS CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS WADI HYDROLOGY METHODOLOGICAL DISTINCTIONS REFERENCES CHAPTER 2 WADI CHARACTERISTICS GEOMORPHOLOGY SOIL AND LANDFORMS 231 ALLUVIAL FANS 232 ALLUVIAL FILLS 233 SAND DUNES 234 DELTA DEPOSITS 235 COASTAL PLAIN DEPOSITS 236 SABKHAH (PLAYA) ROCK ENVIRONMENTS IN ARID REGIONS DRAINAGE BASIN FEATURES 251 DRAINAGE AREA 252 STREAM SLOPE 253 DRAINAGE DENSITY 254 CENTROID LENGTH 255 ELEVATION FEATURES 26 TIME OF CONCENTRATION 261 AVERAGE TIME OF CONCENTRATION DERIVATION CHAPTER 3 RAINFALL PATTERN RAINFALL FEATURES TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL ARIDITY INDEX ACCUMULATIVE RAINFALL CURVE (ARC) 351 RAINFALL INTENSITY–DURATION INTENSITY–DURATION–FREQUENCY (IDF) RELATIONSHIP 361 IDF CURVES AND PDFS 362 STUDY AREA AND DATA 363 BASIC DATA DERIVATION 364 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS (PDFS) 365 AVERAGE INTENSITY–DURATION MODEL 366 INTENSITY–DURATION–FREQUENCY CURVES RAINY AND NONRAINY DAYS 371 FRACTAL DIMENSION OF RAINY AND NONRAINY DURATIONS RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS AND PREDICTION 381 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION 382 GAMMA PDF PREDICTIONS 383 APPLICATION SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL 391 CLASSICAL GEOMETRIC WEIGHTING FUNCTIONS 392 ARITHMETIC AVERAGE 393 THIESSEN POLYGON 394 ISOHYETAL MAPS 395 PERCENTAGE WEIGHTED POLYGON (PWP) 396 AUTOMATED AAR CALCULATION 3961 DATA AND STUDY AREA 3962 A RAPID AREAL RAINFALL CALCULATION 3963 VOLUME CALCULATIONS TRIPLE VARIABLE DROUGHT DESCRIPTOR 3101 APPLICATIONS JORDAN CLIMATOLOGY CHAPTER 4 RUNOFF AND HYDROGRAPH ANALYSIS HYETOGRAPH–HYDROGRAPH RELATIONSHIP RATING CURVE CRITICS OF CONVENTIONAL METHODS INFINITESIMAL RUNOFF COEFFICIENT (IRC) 451 COMPARISON WITH OTHER METHODOLOGIES HYDROGRAPH AND UNIT HYDROGRAPH DERIVATION IN ARID REGIONS 461 TEMPORAL RUNOFF CHANGE WITH RAINFALL 462 INFILTRATION CHANGE WITH TIME 463 HYDROGRAPH FORMULATION 464 STANDARD DIMENSIONLESS UNIT HYDROGRAPH 465 COMPARISON WITH OTHER METHODOLOGIES 466 APPLICATION MODIFIED SNYDER SYNTHETIC HYDROGRAPH 471 PEAK FLOODS IN ARID REGIONS 472 LOGICAL PHASE 473 EMPIRICAL PHASE 474 DISCHARGE ADJUSTMENT DIMENSIONLESS UNIT HYDROGRAPH (DUH) 481 APPLICATIONS FLOOD ESTIMATION IN UNGAUGED WADIS 491 AREA-FLOOD DISCHARGE METHOD 492 KINEMATICS WAVE METHOD OF FLOOD HYDROGRAPH 4921 FLOOD HYDROGRAPH CROSS-SECTION FLOOD DISCHARGE 4101 CONTROL CROSS-SECTIONS 4102 DISCHARGE–STAGE RELATIONSHIP CURVE NUMBER AND MANNING’S COEFFICIENT IN ARID REGIONS 4111 ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENT 4112 SOIL AND ROCK CLASSIFICATIONS 413 FLOOD HAZARDS CHAPTER 5 GROUNDWATER RECHARGE AND EVALUATION GEOLOGY AND GROUNDWATER GROUNDWATER AND RECHARGE 531 TRANSMISSION LOSSES 532 TYPES OF RECHARGE 533 RECHARGE ESTIMATION METHODS 5331 DIRECT METHOD 5332 INDIRECT METHOD TECHNIQUES FOR GROUNDWATER RECHARGE ESTIMATION CHLORIDE MASS BALANCE (CMB) METHODS 551 CLASSICAL CMB METHOD 552 REFINED CMB METHOD 553 APPLICATION 554 RECHARGE OUTCROP RELATION (ROR) ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPES DEPRESSION CONE DISCHARGE CALCULATION IN LARGE DIAMETER WELLS AQUIFER TESTS 591 AQUIFER TEST PITFALLS AQUIFER HETEROGENEITY AND METHODS 5101 SLOPE MATCHING PROCEDURE 5102 FIELD APPLICATIONS TYPE STRAIGHT-LINE METHOD 5111 APPLICATION STANDARD ION INDEX FOR GROUNDWATER QUALITY EVOLUTION 5121 STANDARD ION INDEX 5122 INDIVIDUAL SII METHOD 5123 SUCCESSIVE SII METHOD CLIMATE CHANGE AND GROUNDWATER CHAPTER 6 GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT METHODS FOR ARID REGIONS SAFE YIELD AND GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT ENVIRONMENTS IN ARID REGIONS ARID REGIONS AND WADI CONDITIONS STRATEGIC GROUNDWATER STORAGE PLANNING 651 WITHIN-WADI STRATEGIC PLANNING 652 INTER-WADI STRATEGIC PLANNING PROBABILISTIC RISK MANAGEMENT IN AN AQUIFER 661 HYDROGEOLOGIC RISK 662 RISK ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER 6621 PROBABILISTIC TREATMENT 6622 STATISTICAL TREATMENT GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT AND WELL OPTIMIZATION IN ARID REGIONS WADI GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PRINCIPLES 681 BASIC DATA 682 LOGICAL-CONCEPTUAL MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES AND MODELS 683 CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF WADI (WAWB) SYSTEMS 684 LOGICAL MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES 685 HYDROLOGICAL MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES 686 HYDROGEOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES 687 WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES 691 STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT CONFIGURATION SELECTION 610 ARTIFICIAL MIXING OF POTABLE AND SALINE GROUNDWATERS 6101 EXPERIMENTAL MODEL 6102 STANDARD CURVES 6103 THEORETICAL MODEL 6104 APPLICATION CHAPTER 7 SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN ARID REGIONS SURFACE COVER FEATURES SEDIMENTATION IN ARID ENVIRONMENTS 731 RAINFALL AND SEDIMENTATION 732 RUNOFF FEATURES 733 WIND AND SEDIMENTATION ROCK WEATHERABILITY SOIL ERODIBILITY EROSION CONDITIONS AND CONCLUDING RESULTS SEDIMENT YIELD MODELING IN ARID REGIONS 771 SELECTION OF VARIABLES 772 MODEL FORMULATION 773 FACTOR OF PROPORTIONALITY ESTIMATION SIMPLE SEDIMENT YIELD MODEL FORMULATION 781 APPLICATION OF THE MODELS