INTRODUCTION TO MARINE MICROPALEONTOLOGY

By B. ALNIU

PART I PRINCIPLES 1 INTRODUCTION 11 INTRODUCTION 12 MAJOR GROUPS OF MICROFOSSILS 13 COLLECTION OF SAMPLES OUTCROP SAMPLES SUBSURFACE SAMPLES DEEP SEA DRILLING CORE SAMPLES RECENT SAMPLES 14 SEPARATION OF MICROFOSSILS FROM MATRIX CALCAREOUS MICROFOSSILS CALCAREOUS NANNOPLANKTON SILICEOUS MICROFOSSILS PHOSPHATIC MICROFOSSILS PLANT MICROFOSSILS 15 PREPARATION OF SPECIMENS FOR SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 16 SAMPLE PREPARATION FOR SHELL GEOCHEMISTRY REFERENCES 2 TAPHONOMY AND QUALITY OF THE FOSSIL RECORD 21 INTRODUCTION 22 DECAY OF ORGANIC MATTER 23 POST-MORTEM TRANSPORT 24 DIAGENESIS AND DISSOLUTION 25 TIME AVERAGING 26 TEMPORAL RESOLUTION AND MICROSTRATIGRAPHIC SAMPLING CONTENTS 3 MICROFOSSIL BIOMINERALIZATION AND BIOGEOCHEMISTRY 31 INTRODUCTION 32 FUNCTION OF THE SHELL 33 PROCESSES OF BIOMINERALIZATION 34 OXYGEN AND CARBON ISOTOPES IN FORAMINIFERA 35 TRACE ELEMENTS IN FORAMINIFERA 4 MORPHOLOGY, TAXONOMY AND CONCEPTS OF SPECIES 41 INTRODUCTION 42 QUANTIFYING MORPHOLOGY 43 TAXONOMY 44 CLADISTIC ANALYSIS 45 SPECIES CONCEPTS 46 DATABASE AND SOFTWARE PROGRAM 5 BASIC CONCEPTS OF ECOLOGY 51 INTRODUCTION 52 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANISMS 53 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS FOR PALEOECOLOGY PART II AN OVERVIEW OF MICROFOSSILS 6 CALCAREOUS-WALLED MICROFOSSILS 61 FORAMINIFERA BIOLOGY OF FORAMINIFERA TEST MORPHOLOGY CLASSI? CATION MOLECULAR SYSTEMATICS ECOLOGY GEOLOGIC HISTORY 62 OSTRACODA MORPHOLOGY 63 CALCAREOUS NANNOPLANKTON: COCCOLITHOPHORES BIOLOGY OF THE COCCOLITHOPHORE 64 PTEROPODS 7 SILICEOUS-WALLED MICROFOSSILS 71 RADIOLARIA 72 DIATOMS 73 SILICO? AGELLATES 8 PHOSPHATIC MICROFOSSILS 81 CONODONTS PALEOECOLOGY 82 OTHER PHOSPHATIC MICROFOSSILS 9 ORGANIC-WALLED MICROFOSSILS 91 DINO? AGELLATES 92 ACRITARCH 93 CHITINOZOA 94 SPORES AND POLLENS PART III APPLICATIONS 10 BIOSTRATIGRAPHY 101 INTRODUCTION 102 THE DATA FOR BIOSTRATIGRAPHY 103 THE UNITS OF BIOSTRATIGRAPHY 104 MICROFOSSIL-BASED BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC ZONATIONS 105 QUANTITATIVE BIOSTRATIGRAPHY RELATIVE BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC VALUE OF TAXA GRAPHIC CORRELATION RANKING AND SCALING (RASC) CONSTRAINED OPTIMIZATION (CONOP) 11 PALEOENVIRONMENT AND PALEOCLIMATE 111 INTRODUCTION 112 PALEOBATHYMETRY AND SEA-LEVEL CHANGE 113 ORGANIC FLUX AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN 114 OCEAN EUTROPHICATION 115 OCEAN ACIDI? CATION 116 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING 117 PALEOCLIMATE CENOZOIC PALEOCLIMATE PALEOMONSOON 12 BASIN ANALYSIS AND HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION 121 INTRODUCTION 122 CALIBRATION OF SEISMIC SECTIONS 123 SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY 124 SUBSIDENCE ANALYSIS 125 THERMAL HISTORY 126 BIOSTEERING 13 PALEOCEANOGRAPHY 131 INTRODUCTION 132 DEEP-SEA EXPLORATION 133 APPROACHES TO PALEOCEANOGRAPHY 134 MICROFOSSILS IN TRACING THE HISTORY OF CENOZOIC OCEANS GLACIAL–INTERGLACIAL OCEAN RECONSTRUCTION GATEWAYS AND OCEAN CIRCULATION CCD FLUCTUATION HIATUS AND DEEP-SEA CIRCULATION PALEOPRODUCTIVITY