PLATE TECTONICS AND CRUSTAL EVOLUTION
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION REFERENCE GENERAL PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL MODELS OF THE EARTH’S LOWER MANTLE GENERAL SEISMIC VELOCITIES IN THE LOWER MANTLE DENSITY PRO?LE COMPOSITIONAL MODELS AND CHEMICAL HOMOGENEITY/ HETEROGENEITY OF THE LOWER MANTLE GEOTHERM LIQUIDUS AND SOLIDUS OF MANTLE MATERIAL OXIDATION POTENTIAL IN THE LOWER MANTLE OXYGEN FUGACITY CONDITIONS OF THE FORMATION OF NATURAL FERROPERICLASE OXYGEN FUGACITY CONDITIONS IN THE LOWER MANTLE CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES LOWER-MANTLE MINERAL ASSOCIATIONS EXPERIMENTAL DATA EARLY TECHNIQUES DIAMOND ANVIL CELL (DAC) AND MULTI-ANVIL CELL APPARATUS WITH SINTERED DIAMOND (SD) ANVIL TECHNIQUES COMPOSITION OF THE LOWER MANTLE ACCORDING TO EXPERIMENTAL DATA COMPUTATIONAL SIMULATIONS FIRST-PRINCIPLES APPROXIMATIONS AB INITIO METHODS DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY (DFT) COMPOSITION OF THE LOWER MANTLE ACCORDING TO THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS LOWER-MANTLE MINERALS IN THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT SOUTH AFRICA AND SOUTH AUSTRALIA BRAZIL GUINEA CANADA OTHER SUGGESTED FINDS ULTRAMA?C MINERAL ASSOCIATION MA?C MINERAL ASSOCIATION CARBONATITIC ASSOCIATION ULTRAMA?C LOWER-MANTLE MINERAL ASSOCIATION BRIDGMANITE (MG,FE)SIO3 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF NATURAL BRIDGMANITE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF BRIDGMANITE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES PERICLASE–WÜSTITE SOLID SOLUTION PHASES (MG,FE)O CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF NATURAL (MG,FE)O CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AND PHASE TRANSITIONS OF FERROPERICLASE–MAGNESIOWÜSTITE AT HIGH PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FERROPERICLASE- MAGNESIOWÜSTITE IRON PARTITIONING BETWEEN BRIDGMANITE AND FERROPERICLASE EXPERIMENTAL WORKS ON PARTITIONING OF IRON BETWEEN BRIDGMANITE AND FERROPERICLASE NATURAL SAMPLES PARTITION COEF?CIENT OF IRON IN NATURAL BRIDGMANITE– FERROPERICLASE ASSEMBLAGES ROLE OF NI AND AL IN THE IRON PARTITION COEF?CIENT DISTRIBUTION REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF IRON IN FERROPERICLASE AND BRIDGMANITE MAJOR DIFFERENCES IN IRON PARTITIONING BETWEEN NATURAL SAMPLES AND MINERAL PHYSICS RESULTS CASIO3 PEROVSKITE PEROVSKITE CRYSTAL STRUCTURES AND PHASE TRANSITIONS SILICA SIO2 PHASE TRANSITIONS IN SILICA AT HIGH PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES ORIGIN OF SILICA POLYMORPHS IN THE LOWER-MANTLE ULTRAMA?C ASSOCIATION MG–CR–FE, CA–CR AND OTHER ORTHORHOMBIC OXIDES CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF THE ORTHORHOMBIC OXIDES AND THEIR STABILITY RANGE OTHER INCLUSIONS WITH THE SPINEL COMPOSITION JEFFBENITE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION CRYSTAL STRUCTURE MAJORITE GARNET ILMENITE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ILMENITE VARIETIES CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AND PHASE STABILITY OF ILMENITE OTHER MINERALS OLIVINE POLYMORPHS TITANITE MERWINITE NATIVE NICKEL NATIVE IRON UNIDENTI?ED SI–MG PHASE MOISSANITE MA?C LOWER-MANTLE MINERAL ASSOCIATION MAJOR MINERALS BRIDGMANITE CASIO3 SIO2 ANHYDROUS ALUMINOUS PHASES NEW HEXAGONAL ALUMINOUS PHASE (NAL) ALUMINOUS PHASE WITH THE CALCIUM–FERRITE STRUCTURE (CF PHASE) CALCIUM ALUMINIUM SILICATE WITH BA-FERRITE STRUCTURE (CAS PHASE) PARTITIONING OF ALUMINIUM BETWEEN BRIDGMANITE AND ALUMINOUS PHASES HYDROUS ALUMINOUS PHASES PHASE EGG HYDROUS D-ALOOH AND E-FEOOH PHASES TOPAZ-OH DENSE HYDROUS MAGNESIUM SILICATES (DHMSS) SUPERHYDROUS PHASE B PHASE D PHASE H CARBONATITIC LOWER-MANTLE MINERAL ASSOCIATION LOWER-MANTLE CARBONATITIC ASSOCIATION IN DIAMONDS FROM THE JUINA AREA, BRAZIL GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS CARBONATES HALIDES, FLUORIDES, PHOSPHATES AND SULPHATES OXIDES SILICATES SULPHIDES AND NATIVE IRON NATROCARBONATITIC ASSOCIATIONS DEPTH OF ORIGIN OF LOWER-MANTLE CARBONATITIC ASSOCIATION AND THE STABILITY OF CARBONATES UNDER LOWER-MANTLE CONDITIONS ORIGIN OF THE NATROCARBONATITIC ASSOCIATION IN THE DEEP EARTH CARBON, DIAMOND AND HOTSPOTS FORMATION OF CARBONATITIC PARTIAL MELTS IN THE LOWERMOST MANTLE EVOLUTION OF CARBONATITIC MELTS IN THE LOWER MANTLE DIAMOND IN THE LOWER MANTLE MORPHOLOGY AND INTERNAL STRUCTURE LUMINESCENCE OF DIAMOND PHOTOLUMINESCENCE (PL) CATHODOLUMINESCENCE (CL) LASER-INDUCED LUMINESCENCE (LIL) ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE (EPR) CHARACTERISTICS OF THE JUINA DIAMONDS NITROGEN AND HYDROGEN CONCENTRATIONS OF THE LOWER-MANTLE DIAMONDS BY INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY INFRARED (IR) SPECTRA OF THE LOWER-MANTLE DIAMOND NITROGEN IN THE LOWER-MANTLE DIAMONDS HYDROGEN IN THE LOWER-MANTLE DIAMONDS ISOTOPIC COMPOSITIONS OF CARBON AND NITROGEN IN THE LOWER-MANTLE DIAMONDS CARBON NITROGEN STRUCTURE OF DIAMOND ORIGIN OF DIAMOND IN THE LOWER MANTLE DIAMOND-PARENTAL MEDIUM THE MECHANISM FOR THE FORMATION OF THE LOWER-MANTLE DIAMONDS ROLE OF SPIN CROSSOVER AND OTHER PHYSICOCHEMICAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE LOWER MANTLE IRON SPIN CROSSOVER IRON SPIN CROSSOVER IN FERROPERICLASE IRON SPIN CROSSOVER IN BRIDGMANITE IRON SPIN CROSSOVER IN IRON CARBONATES IRON SPIN CROSSOVER IN NAL PHASE SPIN TRANSITIONS IN ELEMENTS OTHER THAN IRON CHANGES IN PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS UNDER HIGH PRESSURE AND POSSIBLE NEW MINERAL COMPOUNDS IN DEEP EARTH D? LAYER: TRANSITION FROM THE LOWER MANTLE TO THE EARTH’S CORE OXIDE PART OF THE D? LAYER POST-PEROVSKITE FERROPERICLASE-MAGNESIOWÜSTITE METAL-CARBIDE-NITRIDE PART OF THE D? LAYER NATIVE IRON, IRON CARBIDES AND NITRIDES, AND SILICON CARBIDE SEISMIC HETEROGENEITIES AND THEIR NATURE IN THE LOWER MANTLE SEISMIC HETEROGENEITIES WITHIN THE LOWER MANTLE CAUSES OF SEISMIC HETEROGENEITIES IN THE LOWER MANTLE STRUCTURE OF THE LOWER MANTLE PHASE TRANSITIONS AND SPIN CROSSOVER