SATELLITE AEROSOL REMOTE SENSING OVER LAND
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION LAND SURFACE REFLECTANCE EFFECTS AEROSOL RETRIEVAL METHODS RADIATIVE TRANSFER BOOK OUTLINE APPENDIX: CHARACTERISTICS OF OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS USED IN AEROSOL RETRIEVAL REFERENCES 2 THE DARK-LAND MODIS COLLECTION 5 AEROSOL RETRIEVAL: ALGORITHM DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCT EVALUATION 1 INTRODUCTION 2 PROPERTIES OF AEROSOLS 21 PROPERTIES OF AEROSOL SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS 22 AEROSOL OPTICAL PROPERTIES 23 AEROSOL MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 3 AEROSOL REMOTE SENSING FROM MODIS 31 THE MODIS INSTRUMENT 32 OVERVIEW OF MODIS DARK-TARGET ALGORITHMS 33 OVERVIEW OF MODIS DARK-TARGET ALGORITHM OVER LAND 34 L2 C005 PRODUCTS OVER DARK LAND 35 LEVEL 3 PRODUCTS 4 EVALUATION OF MODIS C005 PRODUCTS 41 QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION: COMPARISON OF L2 WITH AERONET 42 IMPACT OF DATA WEIGHTING ON L3 PRODUCTS 43 GLOBAL MEAN AOD 5 SUMMARY/CONCLUSION 3 THE TIME SERIES TECHNIQUE FOR AEROSOL RETRIEVALS OVER LAND FROM MODIS 1 INTRODUCTION 2 MAIAC OVERVIEW 21 IMPLEMENTATION OF TIME SERIES PROCESSING 3 RADIATIVE TRANSFER BASIS 31 EXPRESSION FOR THE TOA REFLECTANCE USING LSRT BRF MODEL 4 AEROSOL ALGORITHM 41 SRC RETRIEVALS 42 AEROSOL RETRIEVALS 5 ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION 51 INVERSION FOR LSRT COEFFICIENTS 52 SOLUTION SELECTION AND UPDATE 53 MAIAC SURFACE REFLECTANCE PRODUCTS 6 MAIAC CLOUD MASK 61 BUILDING REFERENCE CLEAR SKIES IMAGE 62 PERFORMANCE OF MAIAC CM ALGORITHM 7 MAIAC EXAMPLES AND VALIDATION 71 VALIDATION 72 EXAMPLES OF MAIAC AEROSOL RETRIEVALS 8 CONCLUDING REMARKS 4 ITERATIVE PROCEDURE FOR RETRIEVAL OF SPECTRAL AEROSOL OPTICAL THICKNESS AND SURFACE REFLECTANCE FROM SATELLITE DATA USING FAST RADIATIVE TRANSFER CODE AND ITS APPLICATION TO MERIS MEASUREMENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 2 THE AEROSOL RETRIEVAL TECHNIQUE 21 THE VECTOR RADIATIVE TRANSFER CODE 22 RADIATIVE CHARACTERISTICS 23 THE ATMOSPHERIC MODEL 24 SPECTRAL MODELS OF UNDERLYING SURFACES 25 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE AEROSOL RETRIEVAL TECHNIQUE 26 ITERATION PROCESS FOR THE RETRIEVAL OF THE SPECTRAL AEROSOL OPTICAL THICKNESS 27 NOTES ABOUT THE RESEMBLANCE AND DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ART AND OTHER AOT RETRIEVAL ALGORITHMS 3 RESULTS 31 INTER-COMPARISONS OF THE RETRIEVED AOT WITH RESULTS OF OTHER ALGORITHMS AND AERONET DATA 32 IMPORTANCE OF THE CHOICE OF THE AEROSOL MODEL 33 RETRIEVAL OF THE SURFACE ALBEDO 4 CONCLUSION APPENDIX: THE VECTOR RADIATIVE TRANSFER CODE A1 THEORY A2 THE ACCURACY OF THE CODE 5 AEROSOL RETRIEVAL OVER LAND USING THE (A)ATSR DUAL-VIEW ALGORITHM 2 AATSR INSTRUMENT 3 AEROSOL RETRIEVAL 4 CLOUD SCREENING 41 CLOUD SCREENING: EXAMPLE 5 INVERSION MODEL 51 THEORY 52 DUAL-VIEW ALGORITHM 6 FORWARD MODEL 7 AEROSOL DESCRIPTION 8 RESULTS AND EVALUATION 81 COMPARISON WITH AARDVARC ALGORITHM: EFFECT OF K-APPROXIMATION 82 COMPARISON WITH MODIS (TERRA) 83 AEROSOL OVER PO VALLEY 83 SMOKE PLUMES OVER SPAIN 84 AOD OVER FINLAND: CLEAN AIR 85 AOD OVER CHINA: POLLUTED AIR 9 CONCLUSION 6 AEROSOL OPTICAL DEPTH FROM DUAL-VIEW (A)ATSR SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS 11 AEROSOLS AND THE CLIMATE SYSTEM 12 THE ROLE OF EARTH OBSERVATION 13 ALGORITHM DEVELOPMENT CYCLE 14 CHAPTER OUTLINE 2 REMOTE SENSING OF AEROSOLS 21 DESCRIPTION OF AATSR AND ATSR-2 3 MODEL INVERSION FOR THE RETRIEVAL OF AEROSOL OPTICAL DEPTH 31 ATMOSPHERIC RADIATIVE TRANSFER 32 MODEL OF LAND SURFACE REFLECTION 33 NUMERICAL INVERSION 34 LOOK-UP TABLES OF ATMOSPHERIC PARAMETERS 4 AATSR AOD RETRIEVAL AND ALGORITHM VALIDATION 41 SIMULATED DATASETS 42 COMPARISON AGAINST AERONET 43 TIME SERIES OF AOD 44 SATELLITE INTER-COMPARISONS 45 OPERATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION 5 AVENUES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 51 A GLOBAL PRODUCT OF AOD FROM AATSR AND ATSR-2 52 CONVERGENCE OF AEROSOL PRODUCTS 6 SUMMARY 7 OXFORD-RAL AEROSOL AND CLOUD (ORAC): AEROSOL RETRIEVALS FROM SATELLITE RADIOMETERS 2 INSTRUMENT DESCRIPTIONS 21 THE ATSR-2 AND AATSR INSTRUMENTS 22 THE SEVIRI INSTRUMENT 3 THE ORAC FORWARD MODEL 31 AEROSOL SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION 32 MODELLING ATMOSPHERIC GAS ABSORPTION 33 MODELING ATMOSPHERIC TRANSMISSION AND REFLECTANCE 4 SURFACE REFLECTANCE 5 THE LAMBERTIAN FAST FORWARD MODEL 51 FORWARD MODEL GRADIENT 6 THE BRDF FAST FORWARD MODEL 61 RETRIEVING THE SURFACE REFLECTANCE WITH THE BRDF FORWARD MODEL 62 DERIVATIVES OF THE FORWARD MODEL EXPRESSION 7 THE THERMAL INFRARED FORWARD MODEL 8 THE RETRIEVAL ALGORITHM 9 AEROSOL SPECIATION 10 EXAMPLE RESULTS 101 SINGLE-VIEW RETRIEVAL FROM AATSR 102 DUAL-VIEW RETRIEVAL FROM AATSR 103 RETRIEVAL FROM SEVIRI USING THE BRDF FAST-FM 104 RETRIEVAL USING THE THERMAL INFRARED FORWARD MODEL 11 CONCLUSION 8 BENEFITS AND LIMITATIONS OF THE SYNERGISTIC AEROSOL RETRIEVAL SYNAER 1 INTRODUCTION 2 SYNAER: EXPLOITED SATELLITE INSTRUMENTS AND INFORMATION CONTENT ANALYSIS 21 EXPLOITED SENSORS 22 ANALYSIS OF THE INFORMATION CONTENT 3 THE RETRIEVAL METHOD 31 METHOD OVERVIEW 32 RADIATIVE TRANSFER MODEL AND DATA PREPARATION 33 ACCURATE CLOUD DETECTION AND ITS IMPROVEMENTS 34 AEROSOL MODEL AND ITS UPGRADE 35 DARK FIELD SELECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION 36 RETRIEVING AOD AND SURFACE ALBEDO FOR 40 AEROSOL TYPES 37 SELECTING THE MOST PLAUSIBLE AEROSOL TYPE 4 VALIDATION AND APPLICATIONS 41 VALIDATION STATUS AND ITS LIMITATIONS 42 FIRST DATASETS 5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 9 RETRIEVAL OF AEROSOL PROPERTIES OVER LAND USING MISR OBSERVATIONS 1 INTRODUCTION 2 MISR SPECIFICATIONS AND OPERATION 3 AEROSOL RETRIEVAL DATA SET REQUIREMENTS 31 MISR AEROSOL MODELS 32 RADIATIVE TRANSFER LOOK-UP TABLES 4 METHODOLOGY FOR AEROSOL RETRIEVAL OVER LAND 41 BASICS OF THE SURFACE REFLECTANCE ANGULAR SHAPE SIMILARITY RETRIEVAL ALGORITHM 42 BASICS OF THE PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS RETRIEVAL ALGORITHM 5 MISR CLOUD SCREENING OVER LAND 51 RADIOMETRIC CAMERA-BY-CAMERA CLOUD MASK (RCCM) 52 STEREOSCOPICALLY DERIVED CLOUD MASK (SDCM) 53 ANGULAR SIGNATURE CLOUD MASK (ASCM) 54 AEROSOL RETRIEVAL CLOUD MASK 55 ANGLE-TO-ANGLE SMOOTHNESS EVALUATION 56 ANGLE-TO-ANGLE CORRELATION EVALUATION 6 AEROSOL RETRIEVAL RESULTS USING MISR 61 PARTICULATE AIR QUALITY STUDY RESULTS 62 PLUME STUDIES 7 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 10 POLARIMETRIC REMOTE SENSING OF AEROSOLS OVER LAND SURFACES 1 INTRODUCTION 2 MEASURING POLARIZATION 21 ORIENTED POLARIZERS 22 TEMPORAL MODULATION 23 SPECTRAL MODULATION 3 SURFACE POLARIZATION 4 MODELLING ATMOSPHERE–SURFACE INTERACTIONS 5 AEROSOL RETRIEVALS USING POLARIMETRIC OBSERVATIONS 51 THE POLDER EXPERIENCE 52 THE RSP EXPERIENCE 6 CONCLUSIONS 11 OPTIMAL ESTIMATION APPLIED TO THE JOINT RETRIEVAL OF AEROSOL OPTICAL DEPTH AND SURFACE BRF USING MSG/SEVIRI OBSERVATIONS 1 INTRODUCTION 2 CHARACTERIZATION OF SURFACE A PRIORI INFORMATION 3 OVERVIEW OF THE OPTIMAL ESTIMATION RETRIEVAL METHOD 4 FORWARD MODELLING 41 STATE VECTOR 42 MODEL FORMULATION 5 INVERSE PROBLEM 51 MEASUREMENT VECTOR 52 DEFINITION OF THE COST FUNCTION 53 MEASUREMENT SYSTEM ERROR 54 FIRST GUESSES 55 MARQUARDT DESCENT ALGORITHM 56 QUALITY CONTROL 57 LINEAR ERROR ANALYSIS 58 AEROSOL CLASS SELECTION 59 A PRIORI INFORMATION 6 INTERPRETATION OF THE ERROR AND AUTOCORRELATION MATRICES 7 TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF PRIOR INFORMATION UPDATE 8 QUANTITATIVE EFFECTS OF PRIOR UPDATING 9 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 12 REMOTE SENSING DATA COMBINATIONS: SUPERIOR GLOBAL MAPS FOR AEROSOL OPTICAL DEPTH 2 SATELLITE AOD DATASETS 3 AOD DATA REFERENCE 4 REGIONAL STRATIFICATION 5 REGIONAL COMPARISONS 6 SCORING CONCEPT 7 GLOBAL SCORES 71 SKY VERSUS SUN DATA 72 SATELLITE VERSUS SUN DATA 8 SATELLITE COMPOSITE 9 ENHANCED COMPOSITE 10 GLOBAL MODELING