ENVIRONMENTAL SOIL PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIOUR
CONTENTS 1 ORIGIN AND FUNCTION OF SOILS INTRODUCTION WHY ARE WE CONCERNED WITH ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES? SOIL ORIGIN AND FORMATION PARENT MATERIAL WEATHERING OF ROCK NATURAL PROCESSES PHYSICAL WEATHERING CHEMICAL WEATHERING PROCESSES OF CHEMICAL WEATHERING PARENT MATERIAL AND OTHER INFLUENCES CLIMATE AND VEGETATION TOPOGRAPHY AND TIME SOIL CLASSIFICATION SUBDIVISION OF SURFICIAL DEPOSITS SOIL HORIZONS CLASSIFICATION FOR ENGINEERING PURPOSES PARTICLE-SIZE DIFFERENTIATION AND TEXTURAL CLASSIFICATION PARTICLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVES ATTERBERG LIMITS CLASSIFICATION UNIFIED SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM BASIC SOIL FUNCTIONS NATURAL IN SITU ROLE IN SITU ROLE WITH HUMAN INTERVENTION SOIL AS A RESOURCE MATERIAL CONCLUDING REMARKS SOIL FUNCTIONALITY REFERENCES 2 NATURE OF SOILS SOIL COMPOSITION COARSE-GRAINED SOILS FINE-GRAINED SOILS CLAY MINERALS UNIT CELL, LAYER, AND MINERAL STRUCTURE SURFACE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS KAOLIN GROUP MINERAL STRUCTURE CHLORITES SMECTITES MICAS, ILLITES, AND MIXED-LAYER CLAYS ALLOPHANE NONCLAY MINERALS OXIDES, HYDROXIDES, AND OXYHYDROXIDES BASIC STRUCTURE CARBONATES AND SULPHATES SOIL ORGANIC MATTER CHARACTERIZATION AND CLASSIFICATION STRUCTURE AND SURFACE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS STRUCTURE SOIL PARTICLES SIZE, SHAPE, AND TEXTURE OF PARTICLES SIZE AND SHAPE TEXTURE ELECTRICAL CHARGES SOURCES OF ELECTRICAL CHARGES NET SURFACE CHARGES AND SURFACE CHARGE DENSITY EXCHANGEABLE CATIONS AND CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY (CEC) ANION SORPTION AND EXCHANGE SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA (SSA) SOIL STRUCTURE SOIL FABRIC AND STRUCTURE GRANULAR SOIL PACKING MICROSTRUCTURE OF CLAYS INTERPARTICLE BONDS FORCES AND BONDING MICROORGANISMS IN SOILS TYPES OF MICROORGANISMS PROTOZOA FUNGI ALGAE VIRUSES BACTERIA ECOLOGY IN SOILS BACTERIAL GROWTH KINETICS LABORATORY DETERMINATIONS SCOPE OF TESTS SOIL TYPE AND MINERAL ANALYSIS SOIL TYPE MINERAL ANALYSIS SOIL FABRIC AND MICROSTRUCTURAL FEATURES 2 10 CONCLUDING REMARKS 3 SOIL–WATER SYSTEMS WATER RETENTION GRANULAR (COHESIONLESS) SOILS WETTING AND DRYING COHESIVE SOILS HYDRATION OF CLAYS CLAY–WATER INTERACTIONS ELECTRIFIED INTERFACE AND INTERACTIONS DIFFUSE DOUBLE LAYERS ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ? INTERACTION ENERGIES ENERGIES OF INTERACTION IN THE STERN LAYER LONDON–VAN DER WAALS ENERGY AND TOTAL INTERMOLECULAR PAIR POTENTIAL 3 3 2 3 DLVO MODEL AND PARTICLE INTERACTION ENERGIES ENERGIES IN PARTICLE INTERACTION AND IN INTERLAYER SPACE CALCULATED SWELLING PRESSURES FROM INTERACTION MODELS SOIL–WATER ENERGY CHARACTERISTICS CONCEPT OF SOIL–WATER POTENTIAL COMPONENTS OF SOIL–WATER POTENTIAL MEASUREMENTS OF SOIL–WATER POTENTIALS TENSIOMETER FOR IN SITU MEASUREMENTS 3 4 2 2 TENSIOMETER-TYPE DEVICE FOR LABORATORY USE PRESSURE-MEMBRANE TECHNIQUES VAPOUR PRESSURE TECHNIQUE THERMOCOUPLE PSYCHROMETER MEASUREMENTS HYSTERESIS OF SOIL–WATER POTENTIAL RELATIONSHIPS WATER UPTAKE AND TRANSFER MOISTURE TRANSFER WATER TRANSFER AND WETTING FRONT VAPOUR TRANSFER CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN POREWATER ACIDS, BASES, AND PH ACID-BASE REACTIONS, HYDROLYSIS OXIDATION-REDUCTION (REDOX) REACTIONS PHYSICAL REACTIONS AND HYDRATION HYDRATED CATIONS AND CLAY MINERALS—FROM EXAFS ANALYSES 4 SWELLING CLAYS SWELLING PHENOMENA PERTINENT SOIL CHARACTERISTICS MECHANISMS OF SWELLING SCOPING CALCULATIONS FOR SWELLING PRESSURES SWELLING—EFFECT OF SALT CONCENTRATION AND POREWATER COMPOSITION HIGHER VALENCES AND MIXTURES OF CATIONS INFLUENCE OF EXCHANGEABLE CATIONS COMPOSITIONAL EFFECTS SURFACE CHARGE AND ATTRACTIVE FORCES MINERALOGICAL EFFECT WATER UPTAKE AND SWELLING NATURE OF INTERLAYER WATER—FROM MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATION INTERLAYER WATER WATER MOVEMENT WETTING FRONT ADVANCE ANALYSIS USING MATERIAL COORDINATE SYSTEM SOIL PARTICLE DIFFUSIVITY ANALYSIS WATER AND SOLID CONTENT PROFILES IN CONFINED SWELLING CLAYS SWELLING AND WATER MOVEMENT LABORATORY MEASUREMENT OF SWELLING 5 STRESSORS, IMPACTS, AND SOIL FUNCTIONALITY STRESSOR SOURCES AND STRESSORS SOIL ENVIRONMENT TYPES OF STRESSOR SOURCES AND STRESSORS NATURAL STRESSOR SOURCES AND STRESSORS ANTHROPOGENIC STRESSOR SOURCES AND STRESSORS INDUSTRY SOURCES OF STRESSORS CONSTRUCTED FACILITY—GEOLOGIC CONTAINMENT OF HLW STRESSOR IMPACTS IMPACTS ON SOIL ENVIRONMENT IMPACTS ON SOIL MASS HYDRAULIC MECHANICAL THERMAL CHEMICAL SOIL FUNCTIONALITY INDEX (SFI) SOIL FUNCTIONALITY INDICATORS SELECTION OF INDICATORS INDICATORS AND SOIL FUNCTIONALITY INDEX APPLICATION OF SFI—AN EXAMPLE TIME-RELATED CHANGE OF FUNCTIONALITY TIME-RELATED FUNCTIONALITY TIME-RELATED CHANGES OF SOIL ATTRIBUTES TIME-RELATED CHANGES OF LONG-TERM FUNCTIONALITY INFLUENCE OF ANTHROPOGENIC STRESSORS INFLUENCE OF NATURAL STRESSORS 6 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES MECHANICAL ATTRIBUTES SOIL DEFORMATION UNDER LOAD YIELD AND FAILURE IN SOILS PLASTIC POTENTIAL FLOW FUNCTION CONCEPT OF EFFECTIVE STRESS PHYSICAL CONCEPT PHYSICAL CONCEPT IN RELATION TO CLAYS CLAYS WITH ADSORBED WATER LAYERS HIGH-SWELLING CLAYS SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOILS TRIAXIAL TEST SYSTEM OTHER STRENGTH TEST SYSTEMS YIELD AND FAILURE THEORIES PRINCIPAL STRESS SPACE YIELD CRITERIA MOHR–COULOMB THEORY YIELD/FAILURE MODELS ONE-PARAMETER MODELS TWO-PARAMETER MODELS PLASTICITY MODELS MECHANISMS IN GRANULAR SOIL STRENGTH FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE MOHR FAILURE ENVELOPES—SLIDING AND INTERLOCKING FRICTION VOLUMETRIC STRAIN COHESIVE SOIL STRENGTH ANALYTICAL AND PHYSICAL STRENGTH PARAMETERS ANALYTICAL SHEAR STRENGTH PARAMETERS MECHANISTIC ANALYSES C AND ? PARAMETERS AND PROPERTIES POREWATER PRESSURE PARTLY SATURATED SOIL POREWATER PRESSURES PORE PRESSURES IN GRANULAR MEDIUM PORE PRESSURES IN CLAYS POREWATER PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS SHEAR RESISTANCE MECHANISMS GRAVITY CONTROLLED BONDING EFFECTS COMPRESSIBILITY AND CONSOLIDATION ONE-DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION LABORATORY TEST DATA CONSOLIDATION OF SWELLING CLAYS 6 10 CREEP BEHAVIOUR 6 10 1 CREEP IN CLAY: THE ROLE OF MICROSTRUCTURE 6 11 CONCLUDING REMARKS 6 11 1 INTEGRITY AND ENVIRONMENT STRESSOR IMPACTS 6 11 2 SOIL PERFORMANCE UNDER LOADING STRESSES 6 11 2 1 YIELD AND FAILURE THEORIES 6 11 2 2 POREWATER PRESSURE 7 THERMAL AND HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES THERMAL PROPERTIES HEAT-MASS SIMULTANEOUS FLOW FOURIER-TYPE HEAT FLOW THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY HEAT CAPACITY WATER MOVEMENT UNDER THERMAL GRADIENT THERMALLY INDUCED VAPOUR MOVEMENT THERMALLY INDUCED LIQUID WATER MOVEMENT THERMAL GRADIENTS AND WATER CONTENT PROFILES HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES WATER PERMEABILITY DARCY MODEL DARCY PERMEABILITY COEFFICIENT EFFECT OF HIGH HYDRAULIC GRADIENTS DARCY MODEL WITH PERMEANT PROPERTIES PERMEABILITY AND SOIL STRUCTURE KOZENY–CARMAN PERMEABILITY COEFFICIENT SOIL STRATA AND HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES FINGER FLOW WATER FLOW IN LAYERED SOILS VOID SPACE AND HYDRAULIC–THERMAL PROPERTIES FLOW-THROUGH CHANNELS DEEP PERCOLATION OF WATER SWELLING CLAY HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY AND CLAY STRUCTURE LABORATORY TEST FOR PERMEABILITY OEDOMETER-TYPE PERMEAMETER TRIAXIAL-TYPE PERMEAMETER VAPOUR AND GAS CONDUCTIVITIES STEADY-STATE EXPERIMENTS UNSTEADY-STATE EXPERIMENTS 8 SORPTION PROPERTIES AND MECHANISMS SOLUTES, CONTAMINANTS, AND POLLUTANTS TRANSPORT OF CONTAMINANTS CONTAMINANT INTERACTIONS WITH SOIL PARTICLES CONTAMINANTS OF INTEREST INORGANIC CONTAMINANTS ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS SURFACE PROPERTIES AND INTERACTIONS OXIDES AND SOIL ORGANIC MATTER SURFACE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS OF ORGANIC CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS CLAY PARTICLE INTERACTION WITH ORGANIC CHEMICAL FUNCTIONAL GROUPS CONTAMINANT SORPTION MECHANISMS PHYSICAL ADSORPTION (PHYSISORPTION) CHEMICAL ADSORPTION (CHEMISORPTION) SPECIFIC ADSORPTION RATE-LIMITING PROCESSES—HEAVY METALS LABORATORY DETERMINATION OF PARTITIONING BATCH EQUILIBRIUM TESTS AND ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS ORGANIC CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS COLUMN LEACHING TESTS BREAKTHROUGH CURVES PARTITIONING AND SOIL COMPOSITION SELECTIVE SEQUENTIAL EXTRACTION (SSE) TECHNIQUE 9 MOBILITY AND ATTENUATION OF CONTAMINANTS INTERACTIONS AND MOBILITY SOIL FRACTIONS AND SORPTION SITES PH AND CHEMICAL BUFFERING PH AND PRECIPITATION SELECTIVITY, AFFINITY, AND PREFERENTIAL SORPTION LIGANDS IN POREWATER ORGANIC CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS NAPLS MOBILITY VAPOUR PHASE AND VOLATILIZATION MOBILITY AND ATTENUATION PHYSICOCHEMICAL FORCES AND TRANSPORT OF CONTAMINANTS MODELLING FOR MACROSCOPIC TRANSPORT OF CONTAMINANTS DIFFUSION AND ADVECTION IRREVERSIBLE AND REVERSIBLE SORPTION/ PARTITION MODELS COUPLED FLOW OF WATER AND CONTAMINANTS MICROSTRUCTURE AND DIFFUSIVE TRANSPORT SOIL STRUCTURE CONTROL MOLECULAR DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT ATTENUATION OF ORGANIC CHEMICALS ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC PROCESSES HYDROLYSIS OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS ORGANIC HALOGEN COMPOUNDS