EUROCK 2018: GEOMECHANICS AND GEODYNAMICS OF ROCK MASSES
CONTENTS CHAPTER INTRODUCTION SOIL MECHANICS AND RELATED FIELDS BIOGRAPHY OF DR KARL VON TERZAGHI UNIQUENESS OF SOILS APPROACHES TO SOIL MECHANICS PROBLEMS EXAMPLES OF SOIL MECHANICS PROBLEMS LEANING TOWER OF PISA SINKING OF KANSAI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT LIQUEFACTION—SAND BECOMES LIQUID DURING EARTHQUAKE REFERENCES CHAPTER PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS ORIGIN OF SOILS SOIL PARTICLE SHAPES DEFINITIONS OF TERMS WITH THREE-PHASE DIAGRAM PARTICLE SIZE AND GRADATION SUMMARY PROBLEMS CLAYS AND THEIR BEHAVIOR CLAY MINERALS KAOLINITE CLAY MONTMORILLONITE CLAY ILLITE CLAY CLAY SHAPES AND SURFACE AREAS SURFACE CHARGE OF CLAY PARTICLES CLAY–WATER SYSTEMS INTERACTION OF CLAY PARTICLES VAN DER WAAL’S FORCE (ATTRACTIVE) DIPOLE–CATION–DIPOLE ATTRACTION CATION LINKAGE (ATTRACTIVE) CATION–CATION REPULSIVE FORCE ANION–ANION REPULSIVE FORCE CLAY STRUCTURES ATTERBERG LIMITS AND INDICES ACTIVITY 3 10 SWELLING AND SHRINKAGE OF CLAYS 3 11 SENSITIVITY AND QUICK CLAY 3 12 CLAY VERSUS SAND 3 13 SUMMARY SOIL CLASSIFICATION UNIFIED SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM (USCS) FOR G OR S FOR C, M, O, OR PT AASHTO CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM COMPACTION RELATIVE DENSITY LABORATORY COMPACTION TEST STANDARD PROCTOR TEST PROCEDURE COMPACTION CURVE ZERO AIR VOID CURVE COMPACTION ENERGY SPECIFICATION OF COMPACTION IN THE FIELD FIELD COMPACTION METHODS COMPACTION EQUIPMENT DYNAMIC COMPACTION FIELD DENSITY DETERMINATIONS SAND CONE METHOD OTHER FIELD DENSITY METHODS CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST FLOW OF WATER THROUGH SOILS HYDRAULIC HEADS AND WATER FLOW DARCY’S EQUATION COEFFICIENT OF PERMEABILITY HAZEN’S FORMULA CHAPUIS’S FORMULA KOZENY AND CARMAN’S FORMULA LABORATORY DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT OF PERMEABILITY CONSTANT HEAD PERMEABILITY TEST FALLING HEAD PERMEABILITY TEST FIELD DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT OF PERMEABILITY UNCONFINED PERMEABLE LAYER UNDERLAIN BY IMPERVIOUS LAYER CONFINED AQUIFER FLOW NET ONE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW NET FLOW NET FOR TWO-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS WITH ISOTROPIC SOILS PRESSURE HEADS IN FLOW NET BOUNDARY WATER PRESSURES EFFECTIVE STRESS TOTAL STRESS VERSUS EFFECTIVE STRESS EFFECTIVE STRESS COMPUTATIONS IN SOIL MASS DRY SOIL LAYERS SOIL LAYERS WITH STEADY WATER TABLE TOTALLY SUBMERGED SOIL LAYERS EFFECTIVE STRESS CHANGE DUE TO WATER TABLE CHANGE CAPILLARY RISE AND EFFECTIVE STRESS EFFECTIVE STRESS WITH WATER FLOW QUICKSAND (SAND BOILING) HEAVE OF CLAY DUE TO EXCAVATION DRY EXCAVATION WET EXCAVATION STRESS INCREMENTS IN SOIL MASS 2:1 APPROXIMATE SLOPE METHOD VERTICAL STRESS INCREMENT DUE TO A POINT LOAD VERTICAL STRESS INCREMENT DUE TO A LINE LOAD VERTICAL STRESS INCREMENT DUE TO A STRIP LOAD VERTICAL STRESS INCREMENT UNDER A CIRCULAR FOOTING VERTICAL STRESS INCREMENT UNDER AN EMBANKMENT LOAD VERTICAL STRESS INCREMENT UNDER CORNER OF RECTANGULAR FOOTING VERTICAL STRESS INCREMENT UNDER IRREGULARLY SHAPED FOOTING 8 10 SUMMARY SETTLEMENTS ELASTIC SETTLEMENTS PRIMARY CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT ONE-DIMENSIONAL PRIMARY CONSOLIDATION MODEL TERZAGHI’S CONSOLIDATION THEORY LABORATORY CONSOLIDATION TEST DETERMINATION OF CV LOG T METHOD T METHOD E-LOG ? CURVE NORMALLY CONSOLIDATED AND OVERCONSOLIDATED SOILS 9 10 FINAL CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT FOR THIN CLAY LAYER 9 10 1 NORMALLY CONSOLIDATED SOILS 9 10 2 OVERCONSOLIDATED SOILS 9 11 CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT FOR MULTILAYERS OR A THICK CLAY LAYER 9 12 SUMMARY OF PRIMARY CONSOLIDATION COMPUTATIONS 9 12 1 THE “HOW MUCH” PROBLEM 9 12 2 THE “HOW SOON” PROBLEM (RATE PROBLEM) 9 13 SECONDARY COMPRESSION 9 14 ALLOWABLE SETTLEMENT 9 15 GROUND-IMPROVING TECHNIQUES AGAINST CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT 9 15 1 VERTICAL DRAIN (PAPER DRAIN, WICK DRAIN, AND SAND DRAIN) TECHNIQUES 9 15 2 PRELOADING TECHNIQUE 9 15 3 VACUUM CONSOLIDATION TECHNIQUE 9 16 SUMMARY CHAPTER 10 MOHR’S CIRCLE IN SOIL MECHANICS 10 1 INTRODUCTION 10 2 CONCEPT OF MOHR’S CIRCLE 10 3 STRESS TRANSFORMATION 10 4 MOHR’S CIRCLE CONSTRUCTION 10 5 SIGN CONVENTION OF SHEAR STRESS 10 6 POLE (ORIGIN OF PLANES) OF MOHR’S CIRCLE 10 7 SUMMARY OF USAGE OF MOHR’S CIRCLE AND POLE 10 8 EXAMPLES OF USAGE OF MOHR’S CIRCLE AND POLE IN SOIL MECHANICS 10 8 1 SHEAR FAILURE DIRECTION ON SOIL SPECIMEN 10 8 2 FAILURE ZONE IN RANKINE’S LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE THEORY 10 9 SUMMARY REFERENCE CHAPTER 11 SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOILS 11 1 INTRODUCTION 11 2 FAILURE CRITERIA 11 3 DIRECT SHEAR TEST 11 4 UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST 11 5 TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TEST 11 5 1 GENERAL CONCEPT AND TEST SETUP 11 5 2 INITIAL CONSOLIDATION PROCESS AND DRAINAGE CONDITION DURING SHEAR 11 5 3 CONSOLIDATED DRAINED (CD) TRIAXIAL TEST 11 5 4 CONSOLIDATED UNDRAINED (CU) TRIAXIAL TEST WITH PORE WATER PRESSURE MEASUREMENT 11 5 5 EFFECTIVE STRESS PARAMETERS FROM CU AND CD TESTS 11 5 6 UNCONSOLIDATED UNDRAINED (UU) TEST 11 6 OTHER SHEAR TEST DEVICES 11 6 1 VANE SHEAR DEVICE 11 6 2 TOR-VANE SHEAR TEST 11 6 3 POCKET PENETROMETER 11 7 SUMMARY OF STRENGTH PARAMETERS FOR SATURATED CLAYS 11 7 1 UU TEST 11 7 2 CD TEST AND CU TEST (EFFECTIVE STRESS) 11 7 3 CU TEST (TOTAL STRESS) 11 8 APPLICATIONS OF STRENGTH PARAMETERS FROM CD, CU, AND UU TESTS TO IN-SITU CASES 11 8 1 CONSTRUCTION OF EMBANKMENT ON SOFT CLAY SOIL AT ONCE (UU CASE) 11 8 2 FOUNDATION DESIGN FOR RAPIDLY CONSTRUCTED SUPERSTRUCTURES 11 8 3 STAGED CONSTRUCTION OF EMBANKMENT ON SOFT CLAY (CU CASE) 11 8 4 STABILITY OF CUT SLOPE (CD CASE) 11 9 STRENGTH PARAMETERS FOR GRANULAR SOILS 11 10 DIRECTION OF FAILURE PLANES ON SHEARED SPECIMEN 11 11 SUMMARY CHAPTER 12 LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE 12 1 INTRODUCTION 12 2 AT-REST, ACTIVE, AND PASSIVE PRESSURES 12 3 AT-REST EARTH PRESSURE 12 3 1 ELASTIC SOLUTION 12 3 2 EMPIRICAL FORMULAE 12 4 RANKINE’S LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE THEORY 12 4 1 ACTIVE CASE 12 4 2 PASSIVE CASE 12 4 3 SUMMARY OF RANKINE’S PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS 12 5 COULOMB’S EARTH PRESSURE 12 5 1 ACTIVE CASE 12 5 2 PASSIVE CASE 12 5 3 COULOMB’S LATERAL PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION 12 6 LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE DUE TO SURCHARGE LOAD 12 6 1 DUE TO INFINITELY LONG UNIFORM SURCHARGE LOAD 12 6 2 DUE TO POINT LOAD (NON-YIELDING WALL) 12 6 3 DUE TO LINE LOAD (NON-YIELDING WALL) 12 6 4 DUE TO STRIP LOAD (NON-YIELDING WALL) 12 7 COULOMB, RANKINE, OR OTHER PRESSURES? 12 8 SUMMARY CHAPTER 13 SITE EXPLORATION 13 1 INTRODUCTION 13 2 SITE EXPLORATION PROGRAM 13 3 GEOPHYSICAL METHODS 13 3 1 GROUND PENETRATION RADAR SURVEY 13 3 2 SEISMIC SURVEYS 13 4 BOREHOLE DRILLING 13 4 1 NUMBER OF BORINGS 13 4 2 DEPTH OF BOREHOLES 13 5 STANDARD PENETRATION TEST 13 6 UNDISTURBED SOIL SAMPLERS 13 7 GROUNDWATER MONITORING 13 8 CONE PENETRATION TEST 13 9 OTHER IN-SITU TESTS 13 9 1 VANE SHEAR TEST 13 9 2 PRESSUREMETER TEST 13 9 3 DILATOMETER TEST 13 10 SUMMARY CHAPTER 14 BEARING CAPACITY AND SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS 14 1 INTRODUCTION 14 2 TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY THEORY 14 3 GENERALIZED BEARING CAPACITY EQUATION 14 3 1 SHAPE FACTORS FCS, FQS, F?S 14 3 2 DEPTH FACTORS FCD, FQD, F?D 14 3 3 INCLINATION FACTORS FCI, FQI, F?I 14 4 CORRECTION DUE TO WATER TABLE ELEVATION 14 5 GROSS VERSUS NET BEARING CAPACITY 14 6 FACTOR OF SAFETY ON BEARING CAPACITY 14 6 1 F S FOR GROSS BEARING CAPACITY 14 6 2 F S FOR STRENGTH PARAMETERS 14 7 SHALLOW FOUNDATION DESIGN 14 7 1 FOOTING DEPTH 14 7 2 DESIGN METHOD 14 8 SUMMARY CHAPTER 15 DEEP FOUNDATIONS 15 1 INTRODUCTION 15 2 TYPES OF PILES 15 3 LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY BY STATIC ANALYTICAL METHODS 15 3 1 TIP AREA AP AND PERIMETER OF PILE “P” 15 4 STATIC PILE CAPACITY ON SANDY SOILS 15 4 1 TIP RESISTANCE 15 4 2 SKIN FRICTION RESISTANCE 15 5 STATIC PILE CAPACITY IN COHESIVE SOILS 15 5 1 TIP RESISTANCE 15 5 2 SKIN FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE 15 6 OTHER METHODS OF PILE CAPACITY ESTIMATION 15 6 1 PILE CAPACITY FROM SPT AND CPT DATA 15 6 2 PILE LOAD TEST 15 6 3 PILE DRIVING FORMULA 15 6 4 DYNAMIC PILE ANALYSIS 15 7 NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION 15 8 GROUP PILE 15 9 CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT OF GROUP PILES 15 10 PULLOUT RESISTANCE 15 11 SUMMARY CHAPTER 16 SLOPE STABILITY 16 1 INTRODUCTION 16 2 SLOPE FAILURE 16 2 1 SLOPE FAILURE MODES 16 2 2 MECHANISM OF SLOPE FAILURE 16 2 3 FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST SLIDING 16 2 4 FACTORS OF SLOPE FAILURE 16 2 4 1 INCREASES IN TRIGGERING FACTORS 16 2 4 2 DECREASES IN RESISTING FACTORS 16 2 5 FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST SOIL’S STRENGTH 16 3 SLOPE STABILITY ANALYTICAL METHODS 16 3 1 LIMIT EQUILIBRIUM METHOD 16 3 2 SHORT-TERM AND LONG-TERM STABILITY ANALYSIS 16 4 SLOPE STABILITY OF A SEMI-INFINITELY LONG SLOPE 16 4 1 DRY SLOPE 16 4 2 SLOPE UNDER STEADY WATER TABLE 16 4 3 SLOPE WITH WATER FLOW PARALLEL TO SLOPE DIRECTION 16 4 3 1 FLOW SURFACE AT SLOPE SURFACE (H = Z) 16 4 3 2 FLOW SURFACE AT SLIDING SURFACE (H = 0) 16 4 3 3 FLOW SURFACE BELOW SLIDING SURFACE WITH CONSIDERATION OF CAPILLARY RISE (H < 0) 16 4 4 SLOPE WITH HORIZONTAL WATER FLOW 16 4 5 SLOPE WITH WATER FLOW IN ? ANGLE DIRECTION FROM HORIZONTAL 16 5 STABILITY ANALYSIS FOR CIRCULAR SLIP SURFACE 16 5 1 ? = 0 MATERIALS (COHESIVE SOILS) 16 5 2 C = 0 AND ? MATERIALS (GRANULAR SOILS) 16 5 3 C AND ? MATERIALS WITH BOUNDARY WATER PRESSURE 16 5 4 SLICE METHOD 16 6 ANALYSIS FOR MULTIPLE LINER SLIDING SURFACES 16 7 STABILIZATION FOR UNSTABLE SLOPES 16 7 1 CHANGE OF SLOPE SHAPE 16 7 2 DRAINAGE OF WATER FROM SLOPE 16 7 3 CONSTRUCTION OF COUNTERWEIGHT BERMS 16 7 4 RETAINING WALL CONSTRUCTION 16 8 SUMMARY NUMERICAL ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS