THERMAL MICROWAVE RADIATION: APPLICATIONS FOR REMOTE SENSING

By OLIVIA TAYLOR

CONTENTS RADIATIVE TRANSFER AND MICROWAVE RADIOMETRY HISTORICAL OVERVIEW KIRCHHOFF’S LAW OF THERMAL RADIATION THE RADIATIVE-TRANSFER EQUATION NO SCATTERING AND NO ABSORPTION INCLUDING ABSORPTION AND EMISSION INCLUDING ABSORPTION, EMISSION AND SCATTERING A FORMAL SOLUTION SPECIAL SITUATIONS POLARISATION AND STOKES PARAMETERS POLARISATION DIRECTIONS STOKES PARAMETERS ANTENNA POLARISATION THE SCATTERING AMPLITUDE MATRIX VECTOR RADIATIVE-TRANSFER EQUATION REFERENCES EMISSION AND SPECTROSCOPY OF THE CLEAR ATMOSPHERE INTRODUCTION HITRAN (HIGH RESOLUTION TRANSMISSION) LINE-BY-LINE PARAMETERS ARCHIVE INFRARED CROSS-SECTIONS ARCHIVE ULTRAVIOLET DATASETS AEROSOL REFRACTIVE INDICES GEISA (GESTION ET ÉTUDE DES INFORMATIONS SPECTROSCOPIQUES ATMOSPHÉRIQUES: MANAGEMENT AND STUDY OF ATMOSPHERIC SPECTROSCOPIC INFORMATION) SUBDATABASE ON LINE TRANSITION PARAMETERS SUBDATABASE ON ABSORPTION CROSS-SECTIONS SUBDATABASE ON MICROPHYSICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS BEAMCAT ATMOSPHERIC RADIATIVE-TRANSFER SIMULATOR ATMOSPHERIC TRANSMISSION AT MICROWAVES MPM AND MONORTM LABORATORY AND THEORETICAL WORK LINE PARAMETERS CONTINUUM ABSORPTION MODELLING AND VALIDATION ISSUES COMPARISONS OF MODEL PREDICTIONS WITH ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENTS GROUND-BASED RADIOMETERS GROUND-BASED FTS AIRBORNE RADIOMETERS SATELLITE-BASED RADIOMETERS CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF MODELS AND DATABASES EMISSION AND SCATTERING BY CLOUDS AND PRECIPITATION INTRODUCTION, PURPOSE AND SCOPE BASIC QUANTITIES IN RT REFERENCE FRAMES AND PARTICLE ORIENTATION AMPLITUDE MATRIX SCATTERING AMPLITUDE MATRIX STOKES AND SCATTERING MATRIX PHASE MATRIX CROSS SECTIONS EXTINCTION MATRIX EMISSION VECTOR SIMPLIFIED FORMS OF EXTINCTION AND PHASE MATRIX AND OF ABSORPTION VECTOR MACROSCOPICALLY ISOTROPIC AND SYMMETRIC MEDIA AXIALLY SYMMETRIC MEDIA SINGLE SCATTERING PARAMETER COMPUTATIONS LORENZ–MIE THEORY T -MATRIX METHOD DDA METHOD SUMMARY SIMPLIFIED FORMS OF THE RADIATIVE-TRANSFER EQUATION CARTESIAN GEOMETRY NUMERICAL METHODS FOR THE SOLUTION OF THE VRTE THE DISCRETE ORDINATE METHOD ITERATIVE AND SUCCESSIVE ORDER OF SCATTERING METHOD THE POLARISED DISCRETE ORDINATE ITERATIVE 3D MODEL ARTS-DOIT THE DOUBLING-ADDING METHOD THE MONTE CARLO METHOD TEST STUDIES AND BENCHMARK RESULTS FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS APPROXIMATE SOLUTION METHODS EDDINGTON APPROXIMATION FOR PLANE-PARALLEL CLOUDS ANTENNA BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE IN THE EDDINGTON APPROXIMATION MICROWAVE SIGNATURES OF CLOUDS AND PRECIPITATION CLOUD RESOLVING MODELS HYDROMETEOR SCATTERING COMPUTATION AND SIMULATED TBS CONSISTENCY BETWEEN PREDICTED AND OBSERVED TBS SENSITIVITY STUDIES CLOUD GENERA 3D RADIATIVE-TRANSFER EFFECTS MICROWAVE SIGNATURES OF CLOUDS IN LIMB GEOMETRY POLARISATION EFFECTS OF PARTICLE ORIENTATION THEORETICAL STUDIES ON POLARISATION SIGNATURES EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS OF POLARISATION SIGNATURES RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK TO FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS SURFACE EMISSION COMPARISON OF EMISSION MODELS FOR COVERED SURFACES ZERO-ORDER SCATTERING MODEL SINGLE-ISOTROPIC-SCATTERING MODEL MULTIPLE-SCATTERING MODEL IN TWO-STREAM APPROACH COMPARISON EFFECTS OF LATERAL INHOMOGENEITY CONCLUSIONS RELIEF EFFECTS FOR MICROWAVE RADIOMETRY FLAT HORIZON TERRAIN WITH TILTED SURFACES AN EXAMPLE OCEAN EMISSIVITY MODELS EXISTING OBSERVATIONS USED IN NEAR SURFACE WIND ANALYSIS THE EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN SURFACE WINDSPEED ON OCEAN SURFACE EMISSIVITY THE STOKES VECTOR FORMULATION APPLIED TO POLARIMETRIC RADIOMETRY A THEORETICAL BASIS FOR POLARIMETRIC WIND DIRECTION SIGNALS MODELS AVAILABLE FOR POLARIMETRIC RADIOMETRY MODELLING THE EMISSION AT 1 4 GHZ FOR GLOBAL SEA-SURFACE SALINITY MEASUREMENTS SEA-SURFACE BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE EFFECTS OF THE ATMOSPHERE EXTRA-TERRESTRIAL SOURCES PERSPECTIVES MODELLING THE SOIL MICROWAVE EMISSION PHYSICAL MODELLING APPROACHES A SEMI-EMPIRICAL PARAMETRISATION OF THE SOIL EMISSION AT L-BAND CONCLUSION AIR-TO-SOIL TRANSITION MODEL SCOPE OF ROUGHNESS MODELS FOR L-BAND OBSERVATIONS MODEL DESCRIPTION COMPARISON BETWEEN RADIOMETER AND GROUND TRUTH DATA FAST MODEL MICROWAVE EMISSIVITY IN ARID REGIONS: WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS? DIRECT ESTIMATES OF EMISSIVITIES FROM SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS AND COMPARISON WITH MODEL CALCULATIONS IN ARID REGIONS LESSONS LEARNT FROM DIRECT CALCULATIONS OF EMISSIVITIES FROM SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS PARAMETRISATIONS OF THE EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE FOR L-BAND RADIOMETRY INTER-COMPARISON AND LONG TERM VALIDATION WITH SMOSREX FIELD EXPERIMENT SMOSREX EXPERIMENTAL DATASET THEORETICAL FORMULATION OF THE EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE SIMPLE PARAMETRISATIONS OF THE EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE CHOUDHURY ET AL , WIGNERON ET AL , HOLMES ET AL , INTER-COMPARISONS MODELLING THE EFFECT OF THE VEGETATION STRUCTURE – EVALUATING THE SENSITIVITY OF THE VEGETATION MODEL PARAMETERS TO THE CANOPY GEOMETRY AND TO THE CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS (FREQUENCY, POLARISATION AND INCIDENCE ANGLE) COHERENT EFFECTS CHARACTERISING ATTENUATION BY A WHEAT CROP (PARDÉ ET AL , 2003) CHARACTERISING SCATTERING AND ATTENUATION BY CROPS AT L-BAND (WIGNERON ET AL , 2004) ANISOTROPY IN RELATION TO THE ROW STRUCTURE OF A CORN FIELD AT L-BAND (HORNBUCKLE ET AL , 2003) ANISOTROPY AT LARGE SPATIAL SCALE (OWE ET AL , 2001) PASSIVE MICROWAVE EMISSIVITY IN VEGETATED REGIONS AS DIRECTLY CALCULATED FROM SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS SENSITIVITY OF VEGETATION DENSITY AND PHENOLOGY: COMPARISON WITH THE NDVI PUZZLING OBSERVATIONS IN DENSELY VEGETATED AREAS THE B-FACTOR RELATING VEGETATION OPTICAL DEPTH TO VEGETATION WATER CONTENT THE B-FACTOR AND ITS THEORETICAL DEPENDENCE OF WAVELENGTH COMPARISON OF B-FACTORS FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES FUNCTIONAL BEHAVIOUR OF THE B-FACTOR SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS MODELLING FOREST EMISSION BASIC MODELLING STEPS RESULTS CONCLUDING REMARKS L-MEB: A SIMPLE MODEL AT L-BAND FOR THE CONTINENTAL AREAS – APPLICATION TO THE SIMULATION OF A HALF-DEGREE RESOLUTION AND GLOBAL SCALE DATASET COMPOSITE PIXEL EMISSION SOIL EMISSION VEGETATION EMISSION THE EMISSION OF WATER BODIES SNOW-COVERED SURFACES INFLUENCE OF THE ATMOSPHERE AT L-BAND GLOBAL HALF-DEGREE MAPS OF SYNTHETIC L-BAND BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURES MICROWAVE EMISSION OF SNOW PASSIVE MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING OF SNOW MODELLING EFFORTS FOR SEASONAL SNOW AND ICE SHEETS RECOMMENDED EMISSION MODELS SEA ICE EMISSION MODELLING EXTENSION OF MEMLS TO SEA ICE EMISSION SEA ICE EMISSION MODELLING EXPERIMENTS USING MEMLS PARAMETRISATION OF SEA ICE EMISSIVITY FOR ATMOSPHERIC RETRIEVAL SENSITIVITY OF SEA ICE CONCENTRATION ESTIMATES TO SURFACE EMISSIVITY NEW SENSORS: L-BAND SEA ICE RADIOMETRY WITH SMOS OPEN CHALLENGES DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF NATURAL MEDIA INTRODUCTION TO DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OUTLINE DIELECTRIC CONSTANT AND REFRACTIVE INDEX IN A HOMOGENEOUS MEDIUM KRAMERS–KRONIG RELATIONS FRESHWATER AND SEAWATER THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS FRESHWATER SEAWATER A NEW WATER INTERPOLATION FUNCTION EXTRAPOLATIONS MICROWAVE DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF ICE DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF ICE: REAL PART DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF ICE: IMAGINARY PART DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION MINERALS AND ROCKS DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF MINERALS DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF HOMOGENEOUS ROCKS MIXING MODELS FOR HETEROGENEOUS AND GRANULAR MEDIA BASIC PRINCIPLES: THE CONCEPT OF EFFECTIVE MEDIUM POLARISABILITY OF PARTICLES CLAUSIUS–MOSSOTTI AND MAXWELL GARNETT FORMULA MULTI-PHASE MIXTURES AND NON-SPHERICAL INCLUSIONS BRUGGEMAN MIXING RULE AND OTHER GENERALISED MODELS ELECTRODYNAMIC PHENOMENA RESULTING FROM THE HETEROGENEITY STRUCTURE FREQUENCY DEPENDENCE AND DISPERSION TRANSFER OF RANGE OF MIXING LOSS PERCOLATION PHENOMENA MAXWELL WAGNER LOSSES AND ENHANCED POLARISATION DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF HETEROGENEOUS MEDIA INTRODUCTORY REMARKS AND FRAMEWORK LIQUID-WATER CLOUDS DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF SNOW DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF VEGETATION DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF SOIL