APPLIED SALT-ROCK MECHANICS

By R. HAURD

CONTENTS PRELIMINARIES NOTATION FURTHER READING PROPERTIES OF POROUS MEDIA POROSITY THE CORRELATION FUNCTION AND SPECI?C SURFACE THE PENETRABLE GRAIN MODEL DARCY’S LAW POTENTIAL ?OW AND GRAVITY PERMEABILITY AS A FUNCTION OF POROSITY EMPIRICAL PERMEABILITY RELATIONSHIPS THE ROTATION MATRIX ANISOTROPIC PERMEABILITY DIRECTIONAL PERMEABILITY AVERAGE PERMEABILITY FOURIER’S LAW AND HEAT CONDUCTIVITY LINEAR ELASTICITY AND CONTINUUM MECHANICS HOOKE’S LAW, YOUNG’S MODULUS AND POISSON’S RATIO BULK MODULUS SHEAR MODULUS STRAIN STRESS ROTATION OF STRESS AND STRAIN PRINCIPAL STRESS MOHR’S CIRCLES STRESS ELLIPSOID DEVIATORIC STRESS LINEAR STRESS–STRAIN RELATIONS THERMAL STRESS THERMAL STRESS COMPARED WITH LITHOSTATIC STRESS BUOYANCY AND EFFECTIVE STRESS EFFECTIVE STRESS IN 3D EULER AND LAGRANGE COORDINATES AN IMPORTANT LAGRANGE COORDINATE CONSERVATION LAWS IN 1D MASS CONSERVATION MOMENTUM BALANCE (NEWTON’S SECOND LAW) PARTICLE PATHS AND STREAMLINES STREAMLINES IN 2D COMPRESSIBILITY OF ROCKS AND SEDIMENTS ROCK COMPRESSIBILITY MORE COMPRESSIBILITIES COMPRESSIBILITY OF POROSITY AND THE SOLID VOLUME EFFECTIVE PRESSURE COEF?CIENTS COMPACTION OF SEDIMENTS GRAVITATIONAL COMPACTION OF A HYDROSTATIC CLAY LAYER BURIAL HISTORIES POROSITY AS A FUNCTION OF NET SEDIMENT THICKNESS PRE-CALIBRATION OF BURIAL HISTORY CALCULATIONS POROSITY AS A FUNCTION OF Z EROSION NUMERICAL COMPACTION COMPUTATION HEAT ?OW THE TEMPERATURE EQUATION STATIONARY 1D TEMPERATURE SOLUTIONS HEAT GENERATION STATIONARY 1D TEMPERATURE SOLUTIONS WITH HEAT GENERATION HEAT ?OW AND GEOTHERMS IN STABLE CONTINENTAL AREAS STATIONARY GEOTHERMS IN THE LITHOSPHERIC MANTLE SEDIMENT MATURITY AND VITRINITE RE?ECTANCE STATIONARY HEAT ?OW IN A SPHERE TRANSIENT COOLING OF A SPHERE HEAT ?OW AND SALT DOMES FORCED CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER TRANSIENT CONVECTIVE HEAT ?OW HEAT ?OW IN FRACTURES INSTANTANEOUS HEATING OR COOLING OF SEMI-IN?NITE HALF-SPACE COOLING SILLS AND DIKES SOLIDI?CATION AND LATENT HEAT OF FUSION SOLIDI?CATION OF SILLS AND DIKES PERIODIC HEATING OF THE SURFACE VARIABLE SURFACE TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE TRANSIENTS FROM SEDIMENT DEPOSITION OR EROSION CONSERVATION OF ENERGY ONCE MORE MANTLE ADIABAT SUBSIDENCE ISOSTATIC SUBSIDENCE THICKNESS OF CRUSTAL ROOTS SUBSIDENCE FROM EUSTATIC SEA LEVEL CHANGES BASIN SUBSIDENCE BY CRUSTAL THINNING THE MCKENZIE MODEL OF BASIN SUBSIDENCE THE THERMAL TRANSIENT OF THE MCKENZIE MODEL THE SURFACE HEAT ?OW OF THE MCKENZIE MODEL THE THERMAL SUBSIDENCE OF THE MCKENZIE MODEL LITHOSPHERIC STRETCHING OF ?NITE DURATION FINITE DURATION STRETCHING AND TEMPERATURE LITHOSPHERIC EXTENSION, PHASE CHANGES AND SUBSIDENCE/UPLIFT LITHOSPHERIC EXTENSION AND DECOMPRESSION MELTING THERMAL SUBSIDENCE OF THE OCEANIC LITHOSPHERE BACKSTRIPPING AND TECTONIC SUBSIDENCE SUBSIDENCE OF THE VØRING MARGIN, NE ATLANTIC STRETCHING AND THINNING OF THE SEDIMENTS RHEOLOGY: FRACTURE AND ?OW FAULTS FRICTION STICK–SLIP FAULTING THE SLIDER-BLOCK MODEL OF STICK–SLIP MOTION FRACTURE HYDROFRACTURING DUCTILE ?OW AND YIELD STRENGTH ENVELOPES FLEXURE OF THE LITHOSPHERE EQUATION FOR ?EXURE OF A PLATE FLEXURE FROM A POINT LOAD FLEXURE FROM A POINT LOAD ON A BROKEN PLATE FLEXURE AND LATERAL VARIATIONS OF THE LOAD THE DE?ECTION OF A PLATE UNDER COMPRESSION DAMPED ?EXURE OF A PLATE ABOVE A VISCOUS MANTLE THE EQUATION FOR VISCOELASTIC ?EXURE OF A PLATE ELASTIC AND VISCOUS DEFORMATIONS FLEXURE OF A VISCOELASTIC PLATE BUCKLING OF A VISCOUS PLATE GRAVITY AND GRAVITY ANOMALIES NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITY POTENTIAL ENERGY AND THE POTENTIAL CONSERVATIVE ?ELDS GAUSS’S LAW BOUGUER’S FORMULA FOR GRAVITY DUE TO A HORIZONTAL LAYER LAPLACE’S AND POISSON’S EQUATIONS FOR THE POTENTIAL GRAVITY FROM A BURIED SPHERE GRAVITY FROM A HORIZONTAL CYLINDER GRAVITY FROM A PRISM WITH RECTANGULAR CROSS-SECTION GRAVITY FROM A 2D POLYGONAL BODY EXCESS MASS CAUSING GRAVITY ANOMALIES VERTICAL CONTINUATION OF GRAVITY REDUCTION OF GRAVITY DATA GRAVITY AND ISOSTASY OVER CONTINENTS GRAVITY AND SEA BED TOPOGRAPHY QUARTZ CEMENTATION OF SANDSTONES INTRODUCTION QUARTZ KINETICS AND PRECIPITATION RATES SURFACE AREA ISOTHERMAL QUARTZ CEMENTATION CALIBRATION OF QUARTZ KINETICS CEMENTATION DURING CONSTANT BURIAL CEMENTATION FOR GENERAL BURIAL HISTORIES STRAIN RATE A REACTION–DIFFUSION EQUATION FOR SILICA THE SILICA CONCENTRATION BETWEEN STYLOLITES OVERPRESSURE AND COMPACTION: EXACT SOLUTIONS THE PRESSURE EQUATION IN 1D THE DARCY ?UX CAUSED BY COMPACTION VOID RATIO AS A FUNCTION OF DEPTH A SIMPLE MODEL FOR OVERPRESSURE BUILD-UP GIBSON’S SOLUTION FOR OVERPRESSURE GIBSON’S SOLUTION FOR POROSITY REDUCTION OVERPRESSURE AND MECHANICAL COMPACTION THE DIMENSIONLESS GIBSON SOLUTION FLUID ?OW: BASIC EQUATIONS CONSERVATION OF SOLID CONSERVATION OF ?UID POROELASTIC PRESSURE EQUATION STORAGE COEF?CIENTS STRESS, STRAIN AND POROELASTICITY STRESS CAUSED BY OVERPRESSURE THE RATE OF CHANGE OF POROSITY A GENERAL PRESSURE EQUATION POTENTIAL ?OW A GENERAL EQUATION FOR THE ?UID ?OW POTENTIAL SIMPLE PRESSURE EQUATIONS UNCON?NED ?OW METEORIC ?UID ?OW DECAY OF OVERPRESSURE AND PRESSURE SEALS OVERPRESSURE DECAY IN CLAY OVERPRESSURE BUILD-UP IN CLAY THE GRAVITY NUMBER OVERPRESSURE FROM THERMAL EXPANSION SPECIAL CASES OF ?UID EXPULSION AND MINERAL REACTIONS OVERPRESSURE FROM QUARTZ CEMENTATION OVERPRESSURE FROM CEMENTATION OF PORE SPACE FLUID EXPULSION AND MINERAL REACTIONS OVERPRESSURE FROM DEHYDRATION OF CLAY WEAK (NON-RAYLEIGH) THERMAL CONVECTION THERMAL CONVECTION WELLS STATIONARY PRESSURE FROM A WELL WELLS AND STREAMLINES THE SKIN FACTOR TRANSIENT PRESSURE FROM A WELL WELL TESTING