COMPUTER VISION TECHNOLOGY IN THE FOOD AND BEVERAGE INDUSTRIES
CONTENTS PART I AN INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER VISION IN THE FOOD AND BEVERAGE INDUSTRIES 1 COMPUTER VISION AND INFRARED TECHNIQUES FOR IMAGE ACQUISITION IN THE FOOD AND BEVERAGE INDUSTRIES INTRODUCTION THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM IMAGE ACQUISITION SYSTEMS CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES APPENDIX: NOMENCLATURE AND ABBREVIATIONS 2 HYPERSPECTRAL AND MULTISPECTRAL IMAGING IN THE FOOD AND BEVERAGE INDUSTRIES SPECTRAL IMAGE ACQUISITION METHODS CONSTRUCTION OF SPECTRAL IMAGING SYSTEMS CALIBRATION OF SPECTRAL IMAGING SYSTEM S SPECTRAL IMAGES AND ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES APPLICATIONS FOR FOOD AND BEVERAGE PRODUCTS FURTHER INFORMATION 3 TOMOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES FOR COMPUTER VISION IN THE FOOD AND BEVERAGE INDUSTRIES NUCLEAR TOMOGRAPHY ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION APPLICATIONS 4 IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES FOR COMPUTER VISION IN THE FOOD AND BEVERAGE INDUSTRIES DIGITAL IMAGE ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES CLASSIFICATION RELEVANCE, IMPACT AND TRENDS FOR THE FOOD AND BEVERAGE INDUSTRY PART II COMPUTER VISION APPLICATIONS IN FOOD AND BEVERAGE PROCESSING OPERATIONS/TECHNOLOGIES 5 COMPUTER VISION IN FOOD PROCESSING: AN OVERVIEW INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER VISION TECHNOLOGY SELECTION SELECTION OF IMAGE ANALYSIS METHODS APPLICATION EXAMPLES CONCLUSION 6 COMPUTER VISION FOR AUTOMATIC SORTING IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY BASIC TECHNIQUES AND THEIR APPLICATION ADVANCED TECHNIQUES AND THEIR APPLICATION ALTERNATIVE IMAGE MODALITIES SPECIAL REAL-TIME HARDWARE FOR FOOD SORTING RECENT ADVANCES IN COMPUTER VISION FOR FOOD SORTING FUTURE TRENDS SOURCES OF FURTHER INFORMATION AND ADVICE 6 10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 6 11 REFERENCES 7 COMPUTER VISION FOR FOREIGN BODY DETECTION AND REMOVAL IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY OPTICAL INSPECTION FUNDAMENTALS OF X-RAY INSPECTION X-RAY INSPECTION OF FOOD PRODUCTS 8 AUTOMATED CUTTING IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY USING COMPUTER VISION MACHINE VISION AND COMPUTER VISION FEATURE SELECTION, EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS APPLICATION EXAMPLES: SENSING FOR AUTOMATED CUTTING AND HANDLING ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 9 IMAGE ANALYSIS OF FOOD MICROSTRUCTURE QUALITY CONTROL APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL IMAGING CHARACTERIZING THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE VOLUME, SURFACE AND LENGTH NUMBER AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION SURFACES AND FRACTAL DIMENSIONS PART III CURRENT AND FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER VISION FOR QUALITY CONTROL AND PROCESSING OF PARTICULAR PRODUCTS 10 COMPUTER VISION IN THE FRESH AND PROCESSED MEAT INDUSTRIES 10 1 INTRODUCTION 10 2 MEAT IMAGE FEATURES 10 3 APPLICATION AND IMPLEMENTATION 10 4 APPLICATION AND IMPLEMENTATION FOR LAMB, PORK AND OTHER PROCESSED MEATS 10 5 FUTURE TRENDS 10 6 CONCLUSIONS 10 7 REFERENCES 11 REAL-TIME ULTRASOUND (RTU) IMAGING METHODS FOR QUALITY CONTROL OF MEATS 11 1 INTRODUCTION 11 2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ON ULTRASOUND USE FOR CARCASS COMPOSITION AND MEAT TRAITS EVALUATION 11 3 BASIC ULTRASOUND IMAGING PRINCIPLES 11 4 APPLICATIONS OF REAL-TIME ULTRASOUND (RTU) TO PREDICT CARCASS COMPOSITION AND MEAT TRAITS IN LARGE ANIMALS 11 5 APPLICATIONS OF RTU TO PREDICT CARCASS COMPOSITION AND MEAT TRAITS IN SMALL ANIMALS AND FISH 11 6 USING REAL-TIME ULTRASONOGRAPHY TO PREDICT INTRAMUSCULAR FAT (IMF) IN VIVO 11 7 OPTIMIZATION OF PRODUCTION SYSTEM AND MARKET CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS 11 8 THE FUTURE FOR RTU IMAGING IN THE MEAT INDUSTRY 11 9 CONCLUSION 11 10 REFERENCES 12 COMPUTER VISION IN THE POULTRY INDUSTRY 12 1 INTRODUCTION 12 2 POULTRY PROCESSING APPLICATIONS 12 3 DEVELOPMENT OF SPECTRAL IMAGING FOR POULTRY INSPECTION 12 4 CASE STUDIES FOR ONLINE LINE-SCAN POULTRY SAFETY INSPECTION 12 5 FUTURE TRENDS 12 6 CONCLUSIONS 12 7 REFERENCES 13 COMPUTER VISION IN THE FISH INDUSTRY 13 1 INTRODUCTION 13 2 THE NEED FOR COMPUTER VISION IN THE FISH INDUSTRY 13 3 AUTOMATED SORTING AND GRADING 13 4 AUTOMATED PROCESSING 13 5 PROCESS UNDERSTANDING AND OPTIMIZATION 13 6 CHALLENGES IN APPLYING COMPUTER VISION IN THE FISH INDUSTRY 13 7 FUTURE TRENDS 13 8 FURTHER INFORMATION 13 9 CONCLUSIONS 13 10 REFERENCES 14 FRUIT, VEGETABLE AND NUT QUALITY EVALUATION AND CONTROL USING COMPUTER VISION 14 1 INTRODUCTION 14 2 BASICS OF MACHINE VISION SYSTEMS FOR FRUIT, VEGETABLE AND NUT QUALITY EVALUATION AND CONTROL 14 3 APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER VISION IN THE INSPECTION OF EXTERNAL FEATURES 14 4 REAL-TIME AUTOMATIC INSPECTION SYSTEMS 14 5 FUTURE TRENDS 14 6 CONCLUSIONS 14 7 SOURCES OF FURTHER INFORMATION 14 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 14 9 REFERENCES 15 GRAIN QUALITY EVALUATION BY COMPUTER VISION 15 1 INTRODUCTION 15 2 COLOUR IMAGING 15 3 HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGING 15 4 X-RAY IMAGING 15 5 THERMAL IMAGING 15 6 CONCLUSIONS 15 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 15 8 REFERENCES 16 COMPUTER VISION IN THE BAKERY INDUSTRY 16 1 INTRODUCTION 16 2 COMPUTER VISION APPLICATIONS FOR ANALYSING BREAD 16 3 COMPUTER VISION APPLICATIONS FOR ANALYSING MUFFINS 16 4 COMPUTER VISION APPLICATIONS FOR ANALYSING BISCUITS 16 5 COMPUTER VISION APPLICATIONS FOR ANALYSING PIZZA BASES 16 6 COMPUTER VISION APPLICATIONS FOR ANALYSING OTHER BAKERY PRODUCTS 16 7 FUTURE TRENDS AND FURTHER INFORMATION 16 8 CONCLUSIONS 16 9 REFERENCES 17 DEVELOPMENT OF MULTISPECTRAL IMAGING SYSTEMS FOR QUALITY EVALUATION OF CEREAL GRAINS AND GRAIN PRODUCTS 17 1 INTRODUCTION 17 2 HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGING 17 3 DETECTION OF MILDEW DAMAGE IN WHEAT 17 4 DETECTION OF FUSARIUM DAMAGE IN WHEAT 17 5 SPROUT DAMAGE IN WHEAT 17 6 DETERMINATION OF GREEN IMMATURE KERNELS IN CEREAL GRAINS 17 7 EFFECT OF MILDEW ON THE QUALITY OF END-PRODUCTS 17 8 DEVELOPMENT OF MULTISPECTRAL IMAGING SYSTEMS 17 9 CONCLUSIONS 17 10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 17 11 REFERENCES