COMPUTER VISION AND IMAGE PROCESSING

By Z. PANIA

CONTENTS IMAGE FORMATION PROCESS INTRODUCTION FROM ENERGY TO IMAGE ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY, PHOTONS AND LIGHT CHARACTERISTIC OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES THE ENERGY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES SOURCES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES LIGHT–MATTER INTERACTION PHOTONS PROPAGATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES IN MATTER THE SPECTRUM OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION THE LIGHT PROPAGATION OF LIGHT RE?ECTION AND REFRACTION THE PHYSICS OF LIGHT ENERGY OF AN ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE RE?ECTANCE AND TRANSMITTANCE ANGLE OF BREWSTER INTERNAL RE?ECTION THERMAL RADIATION PHOTOMETRIC MAGNITUDES FUNCTIONS OF VISUAL LUMINOSITY REFERENCES RADIOMETRIC MODEL LIGHT SOURCES AND RADIOMETRIC ASPECTS BIDIRECTIONAL RE?ECTANCE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION—BRDF LAMBERTIAN MODEL MODEL OF SPECULAR RE?ECTANCE LAMBERTIAN–SPECULAR COMPOUND RE?ECTANCE MODEL PHONG MODEL FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION IN THE PROCESS OF IMAGE FORMATION COLOR THE THEORY OF COLOR PERCEPTION THE HUMAN VISUAL SYSTEM VISUAL PHENOMENA: SENSITIVITY TO CONTRAST VISUAL PHENOMENA: SIMULTANEOUS CONTRAST VISUAL PHENOMENA: BANDS OF MACH VISUAL PHENOMENA: COLOR BLINDNESS THE COLORS OF NATURE CONSTANCY OF COLOR COLORIMETRY METAMERISM AND GRASSMANN’S LAW ADDITIVE SYNTHESIS METHOD TRISTIMULUS CURVES OF EQUAL RADIANCE CHROMATICITY COORDINATES 3D REPRESENTATION OF RGB COLOR XYZ COLOR COORDINATES CHROMATICITY DIAGRAM—RGB CHROMATICITY DIAGRAM—XYZ CALCULATION OF THE POSITIONS OF THE RGB PRIMARIES IN THE CHROMATICITY DIAGRAM XY ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSFORMATION FROM RGB TO THE XYZ SYSTEM GEOMETRIC REPRESENTATION OF COLOR HSI COLOR SPACE THE COLOR IN IMAGE PROCESSING RGB TO THE HSI SPACE CONVERSION RGB ! HSI HSI ! RGB HSV AND HSL COLOR SPACE CIE 1960/64 UCS COLOR SPACE CIE 1976 L*A*B* COLOR SPACE CIE 1976 L*U*V* COLOR SPACE CIELAB LCH AND CIELUV LCH COLOR SPACES YIQ COLOR SPACE SUBTRACTIVE SYNTHESIS METHOD COLOR REPRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS OPTICAL SYSTEM RE?ECTION OF LIGHT ON SPHERICAL MIRRORS REFRACTION OF LIGHT ON SPHERICAL SURFACES THIN LENS DIAGRAM OF THE MAIN RAYS FOR THIN LENSES OPTICAL MAGNI?CATION: MICROSCOPE AND TELESCOPE OPTICAL ABERRATIONS PARAMETERS OF AN OPTICAL SYSTEM DIGITIZATION AND IMAGE DISPLAY THE HUMAN OPTICAL SYSTEM IMAGE ACQUISITION SYSTEMS REPRESENTATION OF THE DIGITAL IMAGE RESOLUTION AND SPATIAL FREQUENCY GEOMETRIC MODEL OF IMAGE FORMATION IMAGE FORMATION WITH A REAL OPTICAL SYSTEM RESOLUTION OF THE OPTICAL SYSTEM CONTRAST MODULATION FUNCTION—MTF OPTICAL TRANSFER FUNCTION (OTF) SAMPLING QUANTIZATION DIGITAL IMAGE ACQUISITION SYSTEMS—DIAS FIELD OF VIEW—FOV FOCAL LENGTH OF THE OPTICAL SYSTEM SPATIAL RESOLUTION OF OPTICS SPATIAL SIZE AND RESOLUTION OF THE SENSOR TIME RESOLUTION OF THE SENSOR DEPTH OF FIELD AND FOCUS DEPTH OF FIELD CALCULATION CALCULATION OF HYPERFOCAL DEPTH OF FOCUS CAMERA VIDEO CAMERA INFRARED CAMERA TIME-OF-FLIGHT CAMERA—TOF MICROSCOPY TELESCOPIC THE MTF FUNCTION OF AN IMAGE ACQUISITION SYSTEM PROPERTIES OF THE DIGITAL IMAGE DIGITAL BINARY IMAGE PIXEL NEIGHBORHOOD IMAGE METRIC EUCLIDEAN DISTANCE CITY BLOCK DISTANCE CHESSBOARD DISTANCE DISTANCE TRANSFORM PATH ADJACENCY AND CONNECTIVITY REGION CONNECTED COMPONENT FOREGROUND BACKGROUND AND HOLES OBJECT CONTOUR EDGES TOPOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE IMAGE EULER NUMBER CONVEX HULL AREA, PERIMETER AND COMPACTNESS PROPERTY INDEPENDENT OF PIXEL POSITION HISTOGRAM CORRELATION-DEPENDENT PROPERTY BETWEEN PIXELS THE IMAGE AS A STOCHASTIC PROCESS ! RANDOM FIELD CORRELATION MEASUREMENT IMAGE QUALITY IMAGE NOISE GAUSSIAN NOISE SALT-AND-PEPPER NOISE IMPULSIVE NOISE NOISE MANAGEMENT PERCEPTUAL INFORMATION OF THE IMAGE CONTRAST ACUTENESS DATA ORGANIZATION DATA IN THE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF PROCESSING DATA STRUCTURES MATRIX CO-OCCURRENCE MATRIX CONTOUR ENCODING (CHAIN CODE) RUN-LENGTH ENCODING RUN-LENGTH CODE FOR GRAYSCALE AND COLOR IMAGES TOPOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION OF DATA-GRAPH REGION ADJACENCY GRAPH (RAG) FEATURES OF RAG ALGORITHM TO BUILD RAG RELATIONAL ORGANIZATION HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE OF DATA PYRAMIDS QUADTREE T-PYRAMID GAUSSIAN AND LAPLACIAN PYRAMID OCTREE OPERATIONS ON QUADTREE AND OCTREE REPRESENTATION AND DESCRIPTION OF FORMS EXTERNAL REPRESENTATION OF OBJECTS CHAIN CODE POLYGONAL APPROXIMATION—PERIMETER POLYGONAL APPROXIMATION—SPLITTING POLYGONAL APPROXIMATION—MERGING CONTOUR APPROXIMATION WITH CURVED SEGMENTS SIGNATURE REPRESENTATION BY CONVEX HULL REPRESENTATION BY MEANS OF SKELETONIZATION DESCRIPTION OF THE FORMS SHAPE ELEMENTARY DESCRIPTORS STATISTICAL MOMENTS MOMENTS BASED ON ORTHOGONAL BASIS FUNCTIONS FOURIER DESCRIPTORS IMAGE ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTATIONAL LEVELS IMPROVEMENT OF IMAGE QUALITY IMAGE HISTOGRAM PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION AND CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION OF IMAGE CONTRAST MANIPULATION GAMMA TRANSFORMATION HISTOGRAM MODI?CATION HISTOGRAM EQUALIZATION ADAPTIVE HISTOGRAM EQUALIZATION (AHE) CONTRAST LIMITED ADAPTIVE HISTOGRAM EQUALIZATION (CLAHE) HISTOGRAM SPECI?CATION HOMOGENEOUS POINT OPERATIONS NONHOMOGENEOUS POINT OPERATIONS POINT OPERATOR TO CORRECT THE RADIOMETRIC ERROR LOCAL STATISTICAL OPERATOR COLOR IMAGE ENHANCEMENT NATURAL COLOR IMAGES PSEUDO-COLOR IMAGES FALSE COLOR IMAGES IMPROVED QUALITY OF MULTISPECTRAL IMAGES TOWARDS LOCAL AND GLOBAL OPERATORS NUMERICAL SPATIAL FILTERING SPATIAL CONVOLUTION 1D SPATIAL CONVOLUTION 2D SPATIAL CONVOLUTION FILTERING IN THE FREQUENCY DOMAIN DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM DFT FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF LINEAR SYSTEM CONVOLUTION THEOREM LOCAL OPERATORS: SMOOTHING ARITHMETIC AVERAGE AVERAGE FILTER NONLINEAR FILTERS MEDIAN FILTER MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM FILTER GAUSSIAN SMOOTHING FILTER BINOMIAL FILTERS COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SMOOTHING FILTERS LOW PASS FILTERING IN THE FOURIER DOMAIN IDEAL LOW PASS FILTER BUTTERWORTH LOW PASS FILTER GAUSSIAN LOW PASS FILTER TRAPEZOIDAL LOW PASS FILTER SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS OF THE SMOOTHING FILTERS