CIVIL ENGINEERING SPECIFICATION
CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION DE®NITION BRIEF HISTORY OF COLD-FORMED STEEL USAGE THE DEVELOPMENT OF A DESIGN STANDARD HISTORY OF COLD-FORMED STANDARDS COMMON SECTION PRO®LES AND APPLICATIONS OF COLD-FORMED STEEL MANUFACTURING PROCESSES ROLL FORMING BRAKE FORMING GENERAL APPROACH TO THE DESIGN OF COLD-FORMED SECTIONS SPECIAL PROBLEMS LOCAL BUCKLING AND POST-LOCAL BUCKLING OF THIN PLATE ELEMENTS EFFECTIVE WIDTH CONCEPT PROPENSITY FOR TWISTING DISTORTIONAL BUCKLING COLD WORK OF FORMING 1 7 7 WEB CRIPPLING UNDER BEARING 1 7 8 CONNECTIONS 1 7 9 CORROSION PROTECTION 1 7 10 INELASTIC RESERVE CAPACITY TWO DESIGN METHODS ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN LOAD COMBINATIONS REFERENCES 2 MATERIALS AND COLD WORK OF FORMING STEEL STANDARDS TYPICAL STRESS±STRAIN CURVES DUCTILITY EFFECTS OF COLD WORK ON STRUCTURAL STEELS CORNER PROPERTIES OF COLD-FORMED SECTIONS FRACTURE TOUGHNESS 3 BUCKLING MODES OF THIN-WALLED MEMBERS IN COMPRESSION AND BENDING INTRODUCTION TO THE FINITE STRIP METHOD SINGLY-SYMMETRIC COLUMN STUDY UNLIPPED CHANNEL LIPPED CHANNEL LIPPED CHANNEL (FIXED ENDED) PURLIN SECTION STUDY CHANNEL SECTION Z-SECTION HOLLOW FLANGE BEAM IN BENDING 4 STIFFENED AND UNSTIFFENED COMPRESSION ELEMENTS LOCAL BUCKLING POSTBUCKLING OF PLATE ELEMENTS IN COMPRESSION EFFECTIVE WIDTH FORMULAE FOR IMPERFECT ELEMENTS IN PURE COMPRESSION EFFECTIVE WIDTH FORMULAE FOR IMPERFECT ELEMENTS UNDER STRESS GRADIENT STIFFENED ELEMENTS UNSTIFFENED ELEMENTS EFFECTIVE WIDTH FORMULAE FOR ELEMENTS WITH STIFFENERS EDGE-STIFFENED ELEMENTS INTERMEDIATE STIFFENED ELEMENTS WITH ONE INTERMEDIATE STIFFENER INTERMEDIATE STIFFENERS FOR EDGE-STIFFENED ELEMENTS WITH AN INTERMEDIATE STIFFENER, AND STIFFENED ELEMENTS WITH MORE THAN ONE INTERMEDIATE STIFFENER EXAMPLES HAT SECTION IN BENDING HAT SECTION IN BENDING WITH INTERMEDIATE STIFFENER IN COMPRESSION FLANGE C-SECTION PURLIN IN BENDING Z-SECTION PURLIN IN BENDING 5 FLEXURAL MEMBERS GENERAL TORSIONAL-FLEXURAL (LATERAL) BUCKLING ELASTIC BUCKLING OF UNBRACED SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS CONTINUOUS BEAMS AND BRACED SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS BENDING STRENGTH DESIGN EQUATIONS BASIC BEHAVIOR OF C- AND Z-SECTION FLEXURAL MEMBERS LINEAR RESPONSE OF C- AND Z-SECTIONS SECTIONS WITH LATERAL RESTRAINT ONLY SECTIONS WITH LATERAL AND TORSIONAL RESTRAINT STABILITY CONSIDERATIONS BRACING INELASTIC RESERVE CAPACITY SECTIONS WITH FLAT ELEMENTS CYLINDRICAL TUBULAR MEMBERS EXAMPLE: SIMPLY SUPPORTED C-SECTION BEAM 6 WEBS WEBS IN SHEAR SHEAR BUCKLING SHEAR YIELDING WEBS IN BENDING WEBS IN COMBINED BENDING AND SHEAR WEB STIFFENERS WEB CRIPPLING EDGE LOADING ALONE COMBINED BENDING AND WEB CRIPPLING WEBS WITH HOLES EXAMPLE: COMBINED BENDING WITH WEB CRIPPLING OF HAT SECTION 7 COMPRESSION MEMBERS ELASTIC MEMBER BUCKLING STUB COLUMN AXIAL STRENGTH LONG COLUMN AXIAL STRENGTH EFFECT OF LOCAL BUCKLING OF SINGLY-SYMMETRIC SECTIONS SQUARE HOLLOW SECTION COLUMN UNLIPPED CHANNEL COLUMN LIPPED CHANNEL COLUMN 8 MEMBERS IN COMBINED AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING COMBINED AXIAL COMPRESSIVE LOAD AND BENDING: GENERAL INTERACTION EQUATIONS FOR COMBINED AXIAL COMPRESSIVE LOAD AND BENDING SINGLY SYMMETRIC SECTIONS UNDER COMBINED AXIAL COMPRESSIVE LOAD AND BENDING SECTIONS BENT IN A PLANE OF SYMMETRY SECTIONS BENT ABOUT AN AXIS OF SYMMETRY COMBINED AXIAL TENSILE LOAD AND BENDING UNLIPPED CHANNEL SECTION BEAM-COLUMN BENT IN PLANE OF SYMMETRY UNLIPPED CHANNEL SECTION BEAM-COLUMN BENT ABOUT PLANE OF SYMMETRY LIPPED CHANNEL SECTION BEAM-COLUMN BENT IN PLANE OF SYMMETRY 9 CONNECTIONS INTRODUCTION TO WELDED CONNECTIONS FUSION WELDS GROOVE WELDS IN BUTT JOINTS FILLET WELDS SUBJECT TO TRANSVERSE LOADING FILLET WELDS SUBJECT TO LONGITUDINAL LOADING COMBINED LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE FILLET WELDS FLARE GROOVE WELDS ARC SPOT WELDS (PUDDLE WELDS) ARC SEAM WELDS RESISTANCE WELDS INTRODUCTION TO BOLTED CONNECTIONS DESIGN FORMULAE AND FAILURE MODES FOR BOLTED CONNECTIONS TEAROUT FAILURE OF SHEET (TYPE I) BEARING FAILURE OF SHEET (TYPE II) NET SECTION TENSION FAILURE (TYPE III) SHEAR FAILURE OF BOLT (TYPE IV) SCREW FASTENERS RUPTURE WELDED CONNECTION DESIGN EXAMPLE BOLTED CONNECTION DESIGN EXAMPLE SCREW FASTENER DESIGN EXAMPLE (LRFD METHOD) 10 METAL BUILDING ROOF AND WALL SYSTEMS INTODUCTION SPECI®C AISI DESIGN METHODS FOR PURLINS R-FACTOR DESIGN METHOD FOR THROUGH-FASTENED PANEL SYSTEMS AND UPLIFT LOADING THE BASE TEST METHOD FOR STANDING SEAM PANEL SYSTEMS CONTINUOUS PURLIN LINE DESIGN SYSTEM ANCHORAGE REQUIREMENTS Z-PURLIN SUPPORTED SYSTEMS C-PURLIN SUPPORTED SYSTEMS COMPUTATION OF R-VALUE FROM BASE TESTS CONTINUOUS LAPPED Z-SECTION PURLIN ANCHORAGE FORCE CALCULATIONS 11 STEEL STORAGE RACKING INTRODUCTION LOADS METHODS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS UPRIGHT FRAMES BEAMS STABILITY OF TRUSS-BRACED UPRIGHT FRAMES EFFECTS OF PERFORATIONS (SLOTS) SECTION MODULUS OF NET SECTION FORM FACTOR (Q) MEMBER DESIGN RULES FLEXURAL DESIGN CURVES COLUMN DESIGN CURVES EXAMPLE 12 DIRECT STRENGTH METHOD ELASTIC BUCKLING SOLUTIONS STRENGTH DESIGN CURVES FLANGE-DISTORTIONAL BUCKLING OVERALL BUCKLING DIRECT STRENGTH EQUATIONS LIPPED CHANNEL COLUMN (DIRECT STRENGTH METHOD) SIMPLY SUPPORTED C-SECTION BEAM