A SHORT COURSE IN GEOLOGY FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS
CONTENTS CHAPTER GROUND ORIGINS: PLATE TECTONICS AND THE ROCK CYCLE PLATE TECTONICS: THE UNIFYING THEORY OVERVIEW THE STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH PLATE TECTONICS THE ROCK CYCLE IGNEOUS ROCKS SEDIMENTARY ROCKS: THE BREAKDOWN AND TRANSPORTATION OF ROCK MATERIAL METAMORPHIC ROCKS CHAPTER NEW GROUND: IGNEOUS ROCKS INTRODUCTION ORIGINS OF MAGMA WHAT TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS ARE THERE? WHAT GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES DO IGNEOUS ROCKS FORM? WHAT DO IGNEOUS ROCKS LOOK LIKE? HOW ARE IGNEOUS ROCKS NAMED AND CLASSI?ED IN SIMPLE TERMS? EXTRUSIVE AND INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS PYROCLASTIC ROCKS GEOLOGICAL CLASSI?CATIONS OF IGNEOUS ROCKS COLOUR AND TEXTURE IDENTI?CATION KEY FOR IGNEOUS ROCKS DEPOSITED GROUND: SEDIMENTARY ROCKS WEATHERING EROSION SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS FACIES DIAGENESIS CLASSI?CATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS CHANGED GROUND: METAMORPHIC ROCK WHAT IS A METAMORPHIC ROCK? METAMORPHIC CHANGES IN ROCK TYPES OF METAMORPHISM METAMORPHIC FACIES CLASSI?CATION AND IDENTI?CATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS FOLIATED ROCKS NON-FOLIATED ROCKS CLASSI?CATION OVERVIEW GROUND CLOCK: STRATIGRAPHY AND TERMINOLOGY THE CONCEPT OF GEOLOGICAL TIME WHAT IS STRATIGRAPHY? WHY STRATIGRAPHY IS NECESSARY? THE STRATIGRAPHIC RECORD (PRESS AND SIEVER, 1998) FOSSILS AS TIMEPIECES (PRESS AND SIEVER, 1998) UNCONFORMITIES: MARKERS OF MISSING TIME (PRESS AND SIEVER, 1998) CATEGORIES AND HIERARCHY OF STRATIGRAPHICAL UNITS (POWELL, 1998) LITHOSTRATIGRAPHICAL NOMENCLATURE GEOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY IN THE UK SOURCE SUPER?CIAL DEPOSITS, BEDROCK AND ARTI?CIAL GROUND GROUND STRUCTURE: MAPS, UNCONFORMITY, FAULTS AND FOLDS GEOLOGICAL MAPS WHAT IS A GEOLOGICAL MAP? HOW ARE GEOLOGICAL MAPS MADE? WHY DO CIVIL ENGINEERS NEED TO INTERPRET GEOLOGICAL MAPS? RULES FOR GEOLOGICAL MAP INTERPRETATION UNCONFORMITY ROCK DEFORMATION INTRODUCTION TO FAULTS INTRODUCTION TO JOINTS THE GEOLOGICAL CHARACTER OF JOINTS INTRODUCTION TO FOLDS GROUNDWATER: ?OW, QUALITY AND PROTECTION WHAT IS GROUNDWATER? WHY IS GROUNDWATER IMPORTANT? GROUNDWATER IS VULNERABLE: CASE STUDIES HOW DOES WATER ?OW THROUGH SOIL AND ROCK? THE AQUIFERS OF THE UK CON?NED AND UNCON?NED AQUIFERS QUALITY OF GROUNDWATER AQUIFER VULNERABILITY AND PROTECTION GROUND HAZARDS: VOLCANOES, EARTHQUAKES AND DISSOLUTION FEATURES SCALE OF HAZARDS VOLCANOES VOLCANO HAZARDS EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS: GEOLOGICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL ASPECTS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE? THE BIG PICTURE: EARTHQUAKES AND PLATE TECTONICS HOW ARE RECORDS OF EARTHQUAKE EVENTS MADE? HOW IS THE ENERGY RELEASED BY FAULT MOVEMENT PROPAGATED? HOW IS THE SIZE OF AN EARTHQUAKE MEASURED? EARTHQUAKE INDUCED HAZARDS DISSOLUTION HAZARDS IN ROCK HAZARDS FROM COLLAPSING AND SWELLING SOILS COLLAPSIBLE SOILS EXPANSIVE OR SWELLING SOILS WEATHERING DURING THE LIFE OF A PROJECT LANDSLIDE HAZARD SLOPE INSTABILITY GAS HAZARDS CASE STUDY: THE ABBEYSTEAD DISASTER, SUBMARINE SEDIMENT SLIDES (DAWSON, 2000) GROUND PROPERTIES: ROCK STRENGTH AND COMPRESSIBILITY ROCK PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIOUR KEY TERMINOLOGY STIFFNESS OF ROCK MASSES INTERPRETATION OF ROCK PROPERTIES (MAYNE ET AL , 2002) INTACT ROCK PROPERTIES ROCK MASS CLASSI?CATION ROCK MASS STRENGTH ROCK MASS MODULUS FOUNDATION RESISTANCES ADDITIONAL ROCK MASS PARAMETERS REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY RECOMMENDED FURTHER READING GLOSSARY OF COMMON GEOLOGICAL TERMS